Kiegészítések az Orobanche reticulata biológiájához és hazai elterjedéséhez

A közlemény az Orobanche reticulata néhány új magyarországi adatáról számol be. A fajt a szakirodalomban ismeretlen gazdanövényről, Carduus hamulosus-ról gyűjtöttük a Keleti-Bakonyban, a Bér-hegyen. A Magyarországon általában májustól júliusig virágzó faj életmenetéhez érdekes adalék egy extrém csapadékos év (2010) enyhe őszén megfigyelt késői, októberi virágzása is. Egy másik populáció (Vértes hegység, Magyaralmás) érdekessége annak tömegessége. Itt az O. reticulata 2020 nyarán egy, az előző évben beszántásra került természetes szárazgyep élőhely parlag­ján jelent meg nagy tömegben (több száz egyed), Carduus nutans subsp. leiophyllus és Carduus acanthoides gazdanövényen. A fajt néhány olyan flóratérképezési kvadrátból is közöljük a Dunántúli-középhegység, Külső-Somogy és Mezőföld területéről, ahol eddig nem volt ismert.

Multiple Resistance to Glyphosate and 2,4-D in Carduus acanthoides L. from Argentina and Alternative Control Solutions

Carduus acanthoides L. is an invasive species native to Europe and distributed in other parts of the world, including North and South America. In Cordoba, Argentina, control failures of this species have been reported in Roundup Ready (RR) soybean crops where glyphosate and 2,4-D have frequently been applied, although there are no confirmed reports worldwide of resistance to glyphosate and 2,4-D in this species. Dose–response tests showed multiple-resistance to both active principles. The resistant population (R) had LD50 values of 1854.27 and 1577.18 g ae ha−1 (grams of acid equivalent per hectare), while the susceptible (S) population had LD50 values of 195.56 and 111.78 g ae ha−1 for glyphosate and 2,4-D, respectively. Low accumulations of shikimic acid (glyphosate) and ethylene (2,4-D) at different doses in the R population compared to the S population support the results observed in the dose–response curves. No significant differences in leaf retention were observed for glyphosate and 2,4-D in the R and S populations. However, the use of adjuvants increased the retention capacity of herbicides in both populations. Ten alternative herbicides with seven different action mechanisms (MOAs) were evaluated and the most effective active principles were dicamba, bromoxynil, atrazine, tembotrione, flazasulfuron, glufosinate, and paraquat. These findings are the first evidence of glyphosate and 2,4 D resistance in C. acanthoides.

Intergeneric hybidization of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with spiny plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.)

Carduus acanthoides L (spiny plumeless thistle) a biannual wild species with 2n = 22 chromosomes was crossed with Helianthus annuus L. When crossing, pollen from C. acanthoides germinated and pollinated the stigmas of sunflower lines HA 89A after 48 h. The crossability rate was low, but seeds and hybrid plants were obtained. The F1 plants strongly resembled the cultivated sunflower with the most important bio-morphological characters, even though they had an intermediate type of heritability. The hybrid nature was confirmed by RAPD markers. The polymorphism between H. annuus, C. acanthoides, and their F1 hybrids was studied using RAPD. The result showed introgression of C. acanthoides in the hybrid progeny. It was established that the wild species carried Rf genes for the CMS PET-1. After self-pollination and sib-pollination of the F1 plants and back-crossing with cultivated sunflower, F2, BC1 and next generation hybrid progenies were obtained. The investigation encompassed the period 2000–2007 and 2014–2018. Some of the new lines have been included in a heterosis breeding program for developing hybrids for the sunflower market.

New Records To The Vascular Flora Of Kazakhstan (Central Asia)

The paper presents distributional data for seven species new for the flora of Kazakhstan: Atriplex gardneri var. aptera (A. Nelson) S. L. Welsh. & Crompton, Cardamine hirsuta L., Carduus acanthoides L., Galega orientalis Lam., Silene cserei Baumg., Didymophysa fedtschenkoana Regel and Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy. Didymophysa fedtschenkoana is a native element in the Kazakh flora; the other species should be treated as alien, expansively spreading or invasive in this part of Asia. A list of localities of the species in Kazakhstan and their habitat preferences are presented.