hydropericardium syndrome
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2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Pan ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Aijing Liu ◽  
Hongyu Cui ◽  
Yulong Gao ◽  
...  

Severe hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) associated with a novel viral genotype, fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4), has emerged and widely spread in China since 2015, causing severe economic losses to the poultry industry. We previously reported that the hexon gene is responsible for pathogenicity and obtained a non-pathogenic hexon-replacement rHN20 strain; however, the lack of information about the non-essential regions for virus replication limits the development of a FAdV-4 vector. This study first established an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-indicator virus based on the FAdV-4 reverse genetic technique, effective for batch operations in the virus genome. Based on this, 10 open reading frames (ORFs) at the left end and 13 ORFs at the right end of the novel FAdV-4 genome were deleted separately and identified as non-essential genes for viral replication, providing preliminary insertion sites for foreign genes. To further improve its feasibility as a vaccine vector, seven combinations of ORFs were successfully replaced with EGFP without affecting the immunogenicity of the vector backbone. Finally, a recombinant rHN20-vvIBDV-VP2 strain, expressing the VP2 protein of very virulent infectious bursa disease virus (vvIBDV), was rescued and showed complete protection against FAdV-4 and vvIBDV. Thus, the novel FAdV-4 vector could provide sufficient protection for HHS and efficient exogenous gene delivery. Overall, our findings systemically identified 23 non-essential ORFs for FAdV-4 replication and seven foreign gene insertion regions, providing valuable information for an in-depth understanding of the novel FAdV-4 pathogenesis and development of multivalent vaccines.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaru Mu ◽  
Quan Xie ◽  
Weikang Wang ◽  
Hao Lu ◽  
Mingjun Lian ◽  
...  

Currently, a fatal disease of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) caused by serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) has spread worldwide and resulted in tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Various vaccines against FAdV-4 were developed to control the disease; however, few live-attenuated vaccines were available. In this study, we targeted the N-terminal of fiber-1 and rescued a recombinant virus FAdV4-RFP_F1 expressing the fusion protein of RFP and Fiber-1 based on the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. In vitro studies showed that FAdV4-RFP_F1 replicated slower than the wild type FAdV-4, but the peak viral titer of FAdV4-RFP_F1 could still reach 107.0 TCID50/ml with high stability in LMH cells. Animal studies found that FAdV4-RFP_F1 not only was highly attenuated to the 2-week-old SPF chickens, but could also provide efficient protection against lethal challenge of FAdV-4. All these demonstrate that the recombinant virus FAdV4-RFP_F1 could be as an efficient live-attenuated vaccine candidate for FAdV-4, and the N-terminal of fiber-1 could be as a potential insertion site for expressing foreign genes to develop FAdV-4-based vaccine.


AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Liu ◽  
Nan Mei ◽  
Yaling Wang ◽  
Xinjin Shi ◽  
Hongjun Chen

AbstractFowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), the causative agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), distributed widely in the poultry farms in China. Hexon is one of the major capsid proteins associated with viral species or serotypes. However, the epitopes of Hexon protein remain largely unknown. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to Hexon protein of FAdV-4, designated as 3G8, was generated. Subsequently, the linear peptide recognized by 3G8 was mapped and identified as 213AYGAYVK219 using a series of overlapping peptides generated from Hexon protein. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the epitope recognized by 3G8 was highly conserved across all the FAdVs. The epitope was immunogenic and could be recognized by FAdV-4 positive chicken serum samples. These findings will enrich our knowledge regarding the epitope on Hexon and provide valuable information for further characterization of the antigenicity of Hexon protein.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
Mostafa G. Al Naguib ◽  
Eman A. Morsy ◽  
Mahmoud Samir ◽  
Marwa S. Khattab ◽  
Diaa G. Khelfa ◽  
...  

Avian adenoviruses are an extremely diversified group of pathogens that recently triggering a variety of problems for poultry production. In particular, Inclusion Body Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome (IBH-HPS), which has been observed in broiler birds from 3 to 6 weeks of age and is associated with anemia, hemorrhagic disorders, hydropericardium, and high mortality. The disease has been reported worldwide, and recently it was reported in many Egyptian farms, causing severe economic losses. Therefore, the current study aimed to isolate, and genetically type the most common Adenovirus serotypes associated with this syndrome in Egyptian farms. A total of 50 broiler chicken farms (3-6 weeks old) located in different Egyptian governorates were examined. Macroscopically, the diseased flock revealed hydropericardium, enlarged friable livers with ecchymotic hemorrhages, and varying mortality rates (1 to 7.5%). Histopathologically, severe diffuse necrotizing enteritis, hepatitis, pericarditis, and diffuse lymphoid depletion of the spleen were the most prominent lesions. Liver tissues and cloacal swabs were collected from all examined flocks for FAdVs detection by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the L1 loop in the hexon gene. The PCR products were sequenced for typing of the detected viruses. It was found that 10 out of 50 flocks examined were PCR positive for FAdVs (20%). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced genes revealed that the obtained viruses clustered with reference strains belonging to FAdV type D and E serotype 2, 11, and 8a respectively. The isolation of both FAdV type D and FAdV type E were carried out on a primary cell culture chicken embryo liver cell (CEL) and the presence of these viruses was confirmed by PCR after the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE). From this study, it could be concluded that both FAdVs types D and E are the most common adenoviruses circulating in poultry farms suffering from hydropericardium and inclusion body hepatitis.


Author(s):  
Biswajit Dutta ◽  
D.C. Pathak ◽  
N.N. Barman ◽  
Navalakhi Hazarika ◽  
S. Goswami

Background: Aviadenoviruses affect birds, particularly chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys and pheasants, which have total 12 serotypes. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) caused by aviadenovirus was has been reported in many countries worldwide. The diseases was first reported from Assam in 2017. Although there is increasing reports of the occurrence of IBH-HPS in the broiler population of North Eastern India, but its prevalence at different geoclimatic condition and at various seasons have not been carried out. Under these circumstances, the present study was envisaged to analyse the seroprevalence status of Fowl adenovirus infection in some broiler rearing districts of Assam. Methods: For the present study, blood samples were collected from 12 different districts of Assam including all agroclimatic regions during the period from June, 2016 to May, 2017. Association of various factors like age, season and health status with the prevalence of the affected birds were also studied. Indirect ELISA was performed by using commercially available FAdV ELISA kit. The results obtained were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0.Result: A total of 460 serum samples were screened, of which 213 were found positive for FAdV antibodies with a sero-positivity of 46.38 per cent. FAdV antibodies were observed in all age grouped birds. Highest (64.28%) positivity was recorded in the birds of 4th week of age, followed by above 4th week (63.47%), 3rd week (32.03%), 2nd week (27.36%) and 1st week (10.0%). Health status-wise 68.97 percent sero-positivity was recorded in the affected flock, where as 32.51 percent in apparently healthy flock. Season-wise, highest (61.53%) sero-positivity was recorded in post monsoon season followed by monsoon (49.00%), winter (32.49%) and pre-monsoon (32.39%). 


2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110199
Author(s):  
Aslı Mete ◽  
Anibal G. Armien ◽  
Daniel Rejmanek ◽  
Meghan Mott ◽  
Beate M. Crossley

Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) species D and E are associated with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH); species C, serotype 4 (hereafter, FAdV4) is associated with hepatitis–hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in young chickens. Outbreaks of HHS have led to significant losses in the poultry industry in several countries, predominantly in China. In April 2020, FAdV4 was detected in a remote backyard flock in California. In a mixed flock of chickens of various breeds and ages (6 mo to 2 y old), 7 of 30 were found dead within a week without premonitory signs. One additional bird died after the flock was relocated to fresh pasture, bringing the total mortality to 8 of 30 (27%). Postmortem examination of 3 birds revealed good body condition scores and active laying. One chicken had subtle hemorrhages throughout the liver, and the other 2 had diffusely dark mahogany livers. On histopathology, 2 chickens had hepatic necrosis with hepatocytes containing large, mostly basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies, identified by electron microscopy as 82.2-nm diameter adenoviral particles. Virus isolation and genomic sequencing performed on a liver sample revealed strains with 99.9% homology to FAdV4 isolates reported from China. To our knowledge, FAdV4 has not been reported in the United States to date. Furthermore, the chickens affected here were all adults and exhibited a variation of serotype 4 disease in which IBH was present but not hydropericardium.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110057
Author(s):  
Songhua Xie ◽  
Qiuping Shen ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Weikang Wang ◽  
Quan Xie ◽  
...  

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV4), the causative agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), has caused major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Although inactivated vaccines have been deployed widely against FAdV4, a DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) test specific for FAdV4 has not been available. We synthesized an immunogenic peptide, corresponding to regions 66–88 aa of the 22K nonstructural protein of FAdV4, and used the peptide as coating antigen to develop an indirect ELISA for a DIVA test specific to FAdV4. Specificity analysis showed that the ELISA only reacted with sera against FAdV4, and not with sera against other pathogens tested. Moreover, the ELISA could effectively differentiate FAdV4–infected chickens from vaccinated chickens. In a test of sera from experimentally infected chickens, the ELISA had 95% and 85% concordance with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (indirect IFA) and a commercial ELISA, respectively, and the concordance was 80.5% between the ELISA and the indirect IFA in detecting clinical infection samples. Our peptide-based ELISA provides an efficient DIVA test for FAdV4 in clinical samples.


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