Green Finance Key for Sustainable Development of Economy

Green finance is an element of a broader occurrence; from the incorporation of assorted non-financial or ethical concerns onto the financial universe. Generally green finance is taken into account because the resource for green growth which reduces greenhouse emission emissions and air pollutant emissions significantly. Green finance in agriculture, green buildings and other green projects should increase for the economic development of the country. In this paper an effort has been made to explain green financing in a very boarder sense. In present times of technological progress the worldwide economy is undermined from three major challenges: environmental change, vitality limitations and money related emergency. this can be on account of economic improvement conveys alongside itself expenses to the countries within the shape of environmental degradation. Green finance is that the solution for accomplishing contract between the economy and nature. Green finance is taken into account because the monetary help for green development, which decreases ozone depleting substance discharges and air contamination emanations altogether. Green fund in horticulture, green structures, green security and other green activities should increase for the monetary improvement of the state. During this paper an Endeavour has been made to explore the prevailing literature on the green finance and future scope of green finance in India. Green finance is an emerging concept within the field of finance. Because of limitation of public finance for financing the sustainable development and reducing the consequences of temperature change temperature change}, private finance has gained its importance. Green finance which capitalizes the private finance refers to financial support for sustainable development. This study, through secondary information, attempts to debate the necessity, constraint and government initiative for green finance. the aim of this paper is to aware the private investors about their role in sustainability.

Reimagining geographies of public finance

The study of public finance—the role of government in the economy—has faded in geography as attention to private finance has grown. Disrupting the tendency to fetishize private financial power, this article proposes an expanded conception of public finance that emphasizes its role in shaping geographies of inequality. We conceptualize the relationship between public and private finance as a dynamic interface characterized today by asymmetrical power relations, path-dependent policy solutions, the depoliticization of markets, and uneven distributional effects. A reimagined theory and praxis of public finance can contribute to building abolitionist futures, and geographers are well positioned to advance this project.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PROCESS IMPLEMENTATION IN PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVE PROJECT IN MALAYSIA

PFI involved a project with long-term relationships at various stages from pre-contract stage to contractual stage and in use stage which also include maintenance stage. KM process is one of the elements to ensure the success of the KM system. In the PFI project, the KM process also needs to be checked whether it is applied in the various stage of the pre-contract stages. Questionnaires had been distributed to the parties involved at the pre-contract stage. The results are then analyse using the Relative Important Index (RII) to identify the ranking of KM usage in various stages of the pre-contract stage. According to the analysis, some of the stages in the pre-contract process of the PFI are not fully implemented in the KM process. For knowledge acquisition and storage practise, the high usage of the process is at the conduct of value management, submission to cabinet and access, evaluation, and approval. The next KM process which is capturing and storing, the process evaluation, negotiation and recommend are the activities at the higher level practising these KM processes. At next KM process which is re-using and sharing are Access and approval by the ministry, evaluation, negotiate and recommend practise more on this KM process.

Institutional Determinants of Informal Payments for Health Services: An Exploratory Analysis across 117 Countries

Healthcare accessibility and equity remain important issues, as corruption in the form of informal payments is still prevalent in many countries across the world. This study employs a panel data analysis over the 2006–2013 period to explore the role of different institutional factors in explaining the prevalence of informal payments. Covering 117 countries, our findings confirm the significant role of both formal and informal institutions. Good governance, a higher trust among individuals, and a higher commitment to tackling corruption are associated with diminishing informal payments. In addition, higher shares of private finance, such as out-of-pocket and domestic private health expenditure, are also correlated with a lower prevalence of informal payments. In policy terms, this displays how correcting institutional imperfections may be among the most efficient ways to tackle informal payments in healthcare.

Private finance and governance of REDD+ projects in Indonesia

<p>This thesis explores the role of private finance within REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) programmes in Indonesia. Since its debut in 2007 as a potential investment opportunity, enterprising and innovative private sector actors have moved to establish REDD+ projects within a voluntary carbon market, while the United Nations Convention on Climate Change continues negotiations to establish a comprehensive global mechanism. These profit-seeking actors have invested millions of dollars developing REDD+ projects within a rapidly evolving voluntary market that has emerged alongside the turmoil of global climate change negotiations. This dynamic market context brought about a wide variety of expressions of REDD+ in Indonesia, which this research seeks to untangle and illuminate. The thesis yields insights into the workings of market environmentalism, and complicates widespread notions of ‘private finance’ as a homogenous and predictable category of actor. In order to better understand the emergent REDD+ industry in Indonesia, and the role of private finance in shaping it, this research draws on the global value chain (GVC) framework to analyse processes of commodification and governance within REDD+ projects and ‘supply chains’. This approach identifies key private finance actors, and explores why they are involved across motivations for social, environmental and financial outcomes. It also reveals REDD+ projects as a produced commodity and provides insight into the multiple ways they are valued. The research thus highlights how private finance actors evaluate REDD+ commodities as they engage with them. These logics, and the profit-seeking rationale of private finance actors, are seen to have important governance implications in shaping the characteristics of REDD+ projects and the networks of actors involved in them. However, simultaneously, the malleable and selective characteristics of the REDD+ commodity itself shapes certain governing implications of private finance. This thesis contributes to debates concerning the commodification of nature within market environmentalism and the neoliberalisation of nature, providing insights into the nature and agency of private finance.</p>

Private finance and governance of REDD+ projects in Indonesia

<p>This thesis explores the role of private finance within REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) programmes in Indonesia. Since its debut in 2007 as a potential investment opportunity, enterprising and innovative private sector actors have moved to establish REDD+ projects within a voluntary carbon market, while the United Nations Convention on Climate Change continues negotiations to establish a comprehensive global mechanism. These profit-seeking actors have invested millions of dollars developing REDD+ projects within a rapidly evolving voluntary market that has emerged alongside the turmoil of global climate change negotiations. This dynamic market context brought about a wide variety of expressions of REDD+ in Indonesia, which this research seeks to untangle and illuminate. The thesis yields insights into the workings of market environmentalism, and complicates widespread notions of ‘private finance’ as a homogenous and predictable category of actor. In order to better understand the emergent REDD+ industry in Indonesia, and the role of private finance in shaping it, this research draws on the global value chain (GVC) framework to analyse processes of commodification and governance within REDD+ projects and ‘supply chains’. This approach identifies key private finance actors, and explores why they are involved across motivations for social, environmental and financial outcomes. It also reveals REDD+ projects as a produced commodity and provides insight into the multiple ways they are valued. The research thus highlights how private finance actors evaluate REDD+ commodities as they engage with them. These logics, and the profit-seeking rationale of private finance actors, are seen to have important governance implications in shaping the characteristics of REDD+ projects and the networks of actors involved in them. However, simultaneously, the malleable and selective characteristics of the REDD+ commodity itself shapes certain governing implications of private finance. This thesis contributes to debates concerning the commodification of nature within market environmentalism and the neoliberalisation of nature, providing insights into the nature and agency of private finance.</p>

The Effects of Agricultural Financing on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria

The study “The Effects of Agricultural Finance on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria” investigated the effect of agricultural financing, both public and private on the outputs of two main sectors of agriculture: crop production and livestock production. The objectives of the study are to examine the long and short run relationship of agricultural financing on crop production and livestock production, and to examine the causal relationship between agricultural finance and agricultural productivity. To achieve these objectives, the study employed two models, each using ARDL Test, Bounds Test, and Granger causality test using time series data from 1981 to 2019.Data were obtained from CBN and World Bank data bases. Dependent variables were Crop Production and Livestock Production respectively and independent variables were Public Finance, Commercial Bank Credit to Agriculture, Inflation Rate and Interest Rate. The model was tested using descriptive statistics to analyse the significance of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The results show that both public and private finance were positive but insignificant in the short run. In the long run, public finance remained insignificant whereas private finance was positive and significant. Thus, private financing is more effective at improving agricultural productivity than public finance. The study also revealed a negative long run relationship between interest rate and the outputs of crop and livestock production during the period. It is therefore recommended that the government encourages private investment in agricultural activity, and puts measures in place to curb corruption and embezzlement. Government should also ensure that credit facilities are provided to farmers at low interest rate to reduce it detrimental influences.

Risk allocation, transfer and management in public–private partnership and private finance initiatives: a systematic literature review

PurposeThis paper examines risk and risk management in public–private partnership and private finance initiatives (PPP/PFI). Despite growing interest in PPP/PFI, there are knowledge gaps in the literature. The authors’ aim is to analyse these knowledge gaps and define emerging themes to guide future research agendas.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a systematic literature review from 1990 to 2018 using the Scopus database.FindingsThe authors define six emerging themes: risk definition and types of risks; value for money (VFM) and risk; risk sharing, allocation and transfer; financial risk; contractualisation and renegotiation of risk; and risk management and governance. They proposed a conceptualisation of potential development of PPP/PFI research through the three phases of risk management cycle, i.e. prospective, real time and retrospective. This paper revealed some new aspects that could help to analyse better risk and risk management in PPP/PFI to reach value for money (VFM) and to exploit the potential of PPP/PFI.Originality/valueDespite the increasing attention to PPP/PFI, further researches are required in relation to operational and post-operational risk studies, risk management and control, the role of trust. The authors’ analysis underlines the difficulties in how risk is perceived and how to ascertain VFM. In addition, the authors highlight how the increase of contract renegotiation is changing the provisions with reference to risk assignment creating market distortion. Risk should be managed as a cycle; PPP/PFI would benefit by engaging more with the risk management literature.