DETERMINATION AND MAPPING OF THE TERRESTRIAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF IRAQ

Gravity data and computing gravity anomalies are regarded as vital for both geophysics and physical geodesy fields. The mountainous areas of Iraq are characterized by the lack of regional gravity data because gravity surveys are rarely performed in the past four decades due to the Iraq-Iran war and the internal unstable political situation of this particular region. In addition, the formal map of the available terrestrial gravity which was published by the French Database of Bureau Gravimetrique International (International Gravimetric Bureau-in English) (BGI), introduces Iraq and the study area as a remote area and in white color because of the unavailability of gravity data. However, a dense and local (not regional) gravity data is available which was conducted by geophysics researchers 13 years ago. Therefore, the regional gravity survey of 160 gravity points was performed by the authors at an average 11 km apart, which was covers the whole area of Sulaymaniyah Governorate (part of the mountainous areas of Iraq). In spite of Although the risk of mine fields within the study area, suitable safe routes as well as a helicopter was used for the gravity survey of several points on the top of mountains. The survey was conducted via Lacoste and Romberg geodetic gravimeter and GPS handheld. The objective of the study is to determine and map the gravity anomalies for the entire study area, the data of which would assist different geosciences applications.

BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE NIGERIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

OHSMS has become the main part of the establishment’s lifeline and a prerequisite for its stability in the 21st century. There is a growing need for OHSMS, in its ability to solve occupational accidents and also to develop a robust relationship among the stakeholders. The mission of OHSMS has not been followed in the Nigerian construction industry. The study, therefore, explores the barriers to the development of OHSMS in the Nigerian construction industry. The study adopted a literature review of OHSMS and thereafter, 300 structured questionnaires were administered to the construction professionals in the built environment of the Nigerian nation’s Capital-Abuja. 247 of the administered questionnaires were returned, considered for the analysis of the study. The data were analysed with SPSS and excel. The findings of the study indicate that the lack of commitment of the government, inefficient regulatory authorities, and lack of expertise in the OHS activities are the major barriers to the development of OHSMS. The study recommends collaborative efforts from the construction organizations, employees, and construction professionals to support the government on the OHSMS.

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) DATA COMPATIBILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a technology that focusing on the building element properties to the construction components which cover the interior and exterior building, while Geographic Information System (GIS) describe to the technology that can provide the large-scale information which cover inside and outside buildings (spaces and areas). In construction project application, BIM technology already been used as a worldwide tool while GIS rarely been applied. Each technology contains their own advantages that can be utilized in the construction project application. To bring the best effective approach in construction project, the integration between BIM and GIS technology can be considered. This paper presented an attempt in integrating BIM and GIS by using FME as a data integration platform to solve the limitation of BIM in construction project by using advantages of GIS. Through this research, an investigation of the data exchange during integration process between BIM and GIS will be look up. By using this approach, it is possible to store the BIM and GIS data in one environment. The end results for this paper will cover the method of the data exchange between BIM to GIS and GIS to BIM. Besides that, this paper highlight how GIS can solve the limitation in BIM in construction project.

DETECTION OF EQUATORIAL PLASMA BUBBLES USING GPS IONOSPHERIC TOMOGRAPHY OVER PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

This paper presents the detection of the equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) using the Global Positioning System (GPS) ionospheric tomography method over Peninsular Malaysia. This paper aims to investigate the capability of the GPS ionospheric tomography method in detecting the variations of the EPB over the study area. In doing so, a previous case study during post-sunset 5th April 2011 has been selected as a reference for the detection of the EPBs over the study area. It has been observed that at least three structures of the EPBs have been captured based on the rate of change total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) from 12 UT until 19 UT. Therefore, the three-dimensional ionospheric profiles have been reconstructed over Peninsular Malaysia using the tomography method during the study period in order to capture the signature of the EPBs. In this study, the detection of the EPBs using the tomography method is based on the rate of change of electron density (ROTNe). The results from three-dimensional ionospheric tomography show only two structures of EPBs are detected during the study period. It has been observed that the ROTNe depleted up to ~-12x109el/cm. Overall, the results in this study show that the GPS ionospheric tomography capable to be utilized in detecting the variations of EPBs in support of ionospheric studies and monitoring in the Malaysian region.

UNDERSTANDING BIG DATA-FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL ASSETS

This research establishes a Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets using a Smart Farming Approach. The aim of the study is to gather literature knowledge about the judgment of biological assets. The use of big data and innovative farming in the agricultural sector is relatively new in Malaysia, making people wonder about its effectiveness, whether positive or negative. However, determining fair value can be a daunting task due to the existence of personal biological properties and the variety of specimens (offspring), classes, and conditions. Agricultural sectors need to be more emphasised by many parties as the increases in cost production is not a trivial matter that can be ignored. There have been pressures from foreign countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia in the agricultural sector. Malaysia faces one major challenge: the cost of production, including wages and inputs, is relatively higher. (Rozhan 2019). Agricultural accounting is a minor standard, but it has a broad scope and a significant impact on agricultural businesses based on the accounting perspective, the MFRS141/IAS 41. The standard improves the transparency of the cost to replace capital (by allowing for depreciation and amortisation) and better reflects the productive lifespan of assets in agricultural operations. However, the application of MFRS 141 Agriculture is still relatively new in Malaysia, and a thorough examination of the literature indicates several gaps and deficiencies. This literature review is vital to support the study on Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets as the agricultural sector's involvement was recently popular. It might also offer some good ideas for handling problems involving the fair value measurement. Future studies will help the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries, agriculture sector workers, in terms of practical perspective. Therefore, the future result of the study suggests an improvement within the agriculture sector related to the treatment in their fair values, issues, and strategies.

THE ASSESSMENT OF GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM APPLICATION IN AMERICAN, AUSTRALIA, TAIWAN, NEW ZEALAND, SOUTH KOREA, AND PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Height or depth on the surface of the Earth is the crucial element in the three-dimensional coordinate system. Commonly, the height or depth value will denote a particular reference surface known as a vertical datum. Conventionally, the vertical datum is divided into two major categories which are Geoid/ Mean Sea Level and Lowest Astronomical Tide. This paper is an effort to review the applications of geodetic vertical datum from American, Australia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Korea, and Peninsular Malaysia. An overview of geodetic vertical datum will be summarised to support the future application. Thus, a review consisting of a data gathering, data input, and analysis approach in vertical datum applications will be discussed and outlined. This initiative is significant for the planning and advancement of future vertical datum development in Malaysia.

NETWORK DGPS ACCURACY ASSESSMENT AT WEST COAST PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Maritime safety of navigation is essential for maritime activities especially when approaching the harbor. One of the important aspects in safety of navigation is positioning accuracy which the accuracy should less than 5 meters as recommended by IALA. Such accuracy can be provided by DGPS services. Nevertheless, the DGPS accuracy is bound to distance-dependent error due to uncorrelated errors between reference and rover station. By implementing the network-based DGPS technique, this issue however can be expected to be improved. This issue can be overcome by implementing the network-based DGPS technique to the positioning method. Hence, multiple of CORS in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatran Indonesian were utilized to generate the network-based DGPS corrections based on LIM to cover the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The single point positioning, DGPS and network-based DGPS solutions were being compared with known points to determine the reliability of positioning in marine activities. The accuracy shows that the DGPS and network-based DGPS are better compared to single point positioning with below than 15m and 20m respectively. Meanwhile, the DGPS technique clearly had shown the distance-dependent error propagation in positioning. This paper presents on the accuracy and efficiency of network DGPS technique in reducing the distance-dependent error in DGPS positioning.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN TIDAL CONSTITUENTS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE ALTIMETRY AND IN-SITU DATA AROUND PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Satellite altimetry technology has been widely used in exploring Earth’s Ocean activities. Achieving a remarkable accuracy in measuring sea level for ocean tide analysis has led the local researchers to investigate more details on tidal behaviour in the regional area. This study is an attempt to assess the reliability of derived tidal constituents between satellite radar altimetry and in-situ data which is referred to as coastal tide gauges. Three satellite missions denoted as TOPEX class missions namely TOPEX, Jason-1, and Jason-2 were used to derive along-track sea surface height (SSH) time series over 23 years. Besides, four selected coastal tide gauges were used for tidal analysis and validation where the tidal data have at least 19 years of hourly observation. Derivation of tidal constituents from both satellite altimetry and tide gauges were executed by adopting the harmonic analysis method. The comparisons were made by calculating the Root Mean Square Misfit (RMSmisfit) of each tidal constituent between the nearest altimetry point to the tide gauges. After RMSmisfit, Root Sum Square (RSS) values of tidal constituents at each tide gauge were also calculated. The results displayed the RMSmisfit of tidal constituents agreed well with the selected tide gauges which are within 10 cm except for M2 constituents which recorded 10.2 cm. Pelabuhan Kelang tide gauge station showed the highest RSS value followed by Pulau Langkawi which recorded 21.2 cm and 9.8 cm, respectively. In conclusion, overall results can be inferred that the satellite-derived tidal constituents are likely to have good agreement with the selected tide gauge stations. Nevertheless, further analysis should be executed in determining high precision satellite-derived tidal constituents, especially in the complex regional area.

THE INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE AND PERSUASION IN BIM-FM INTEGRATION AT THE EARLY PHASE OF A BIM PROJECT

Traditionally, Facility Managers (FM) have often been handed over large numbers of files (hard and soft copies) consisting of among others drawings, specifications, operation and maintenance manuals together with product data sheets in order for them to carry out their tasks in managing facilities. This practice may indicate that information exchange between the AEC and FM phases is still fragmented. The FM phase of the construction project life cycle remains the most disconnected from the rest of the cycle. Therefore, the integration of FM at the early phase of BIM project is expected to fully engage BIM technology and bring potential significant value to assets and estates. This paper is part of a research that aims to identify the influence of knowledge and persuasion on deciding whether to adopt or reject BIM-FM integration at the early phase of BIM. Rogers' Theory of Diffusion of Innovation (DoI) has been applied to support the formation of the conceptual framework. Connecting the organisational characteristics associated with adoption innovation literature with the factors influencing the integration process (innovation characteristics, adopter characteristics, internal and external environment characteristics) brings interesting research potential that is not commonly investigated. This paper aims to have a relatively comprehensive view of the factors that can influence the adoption or rejection of BIM-FM integration at the early stage of the decision phase.

REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL GNSS DATA SHARING POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND PRACTICES

Global Navigation Satellite Systems, or GNSS, is a space technology that has become an important component of positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) in a broad variety of military and civilian applications. Accordingly, the GNSS is being supported with Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks which are a common type of GNSS ground-based augmentation infrastructure that governments and industry use to distribute centimetre accurate PNT information throughout the nation or region. In Malaysia, there are few CORS networks currently in services. It was difficult to integrate CORS networks even within the country since the CORS operating came from several different organizations. Furthermore, the CORS data sharing between the public and private sectors in providing precise positioning applications also challenging issue due to the fact that the data contains sensitive information. The relevant policy document on data sharing in the country is still vague. This paper review on existing GNSS data sharing policy framework and practice at the international and national levels. A number of countries from each continents were chosen to be studied further in order to identify the requirements that could be considered for adoption. The goal of this study is to create a clear conceptual framework for GNSS data sharing in the country, as well as to resolve some grey areas between public and private GNSS users.