Separation of K2CO3 from Li+ Brine with Aid of CO2 and Trace of Metastable Quaternary System Li+–K+–CO32−–HCO3−–H2O

It is of importance to reclaim single-salt of potash from Li+-type brines of low concentration. In this work the potassium salts KHCO3 was efficiently separated from the lithium carbonate-type brines with the aid of CO2 carbonation. The phase field was provided in which the precipitation of KHCO3 occurs and single-salt of potassium can be obtained. The low concentration of [Li+] was also successfully concentrated to a high level (8.1 g/L), and this concentration can be used as sources for Li+-salts production using pre-developed strategies, which looks forward wider applications of the lithium resources of natural brine. This state-of-art was traced via isotherm evaporation on the quaternary system of Li+–K+–CO32−–H2O at 298.15 K in which the carbonation steps were performed by CO2. Metastable phase diagram was found to consist of three invariant points, seven univariant curves, and four crystallization fields corresponding to Li2CO3, KHCO3, potassium carbonate sesquihydrate (K2CO3 ⋅ 3/2H2O), and a potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate double salt (K2CO3 ⋅ 2 KHCO3 ⋅ 1.5H2O). There was no crystallization field corresponding to LiHCO3. The pH-composition diagram and density-composition diagram were also plotted. This work was carried out in aim of extracting/separating single salts of alkali metals from carbonate-type brines of west China.

Predicting The Composition Of Qurna Crude Oil Fraction By Ternary Composition Diagram

With a goal to identify, and ultimately removing from the oil fraction, the carcinogenic components, an oil fraction oil has been analyzed into a main three hydrocarbon groups, paraffins, aromatics, and polycyclic saturates. A multi-stage adsorption apparatus has been used. Four units of 300 g alumina each seems to be sufficient for removing the polynuclear aromatics from 75 g of an oil fraction boiling between 365-375 °C from Qurna crude oil. The usefulness of the ternary diagram for analyzing the oil fraction to the three hydrocarbons groups has been studied and verified. An experimentally based linear relationship of density and refractive index was established to enable of identifying the composition of an oil fraction using the values on refractive index alone. Separation of uncontaminated paraffins requires higher adsorbent/ oil ratio and/or more significant number of adsorption units. Ensuring no overloading of the adsorbent was essential for the separation.

GRAINSIZE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE DEPOSITS OF THE KARA SEA SHELF

Results of the study samples of offshore deposits of the Kara Sea, taken during VNII Okeangeologia expedition in 2007 are considered in this article. Particle size analysis of samples performed by laser diffraction. Mineralogical analysis was performed by X-ray. The triangular diagram of particle size distribution composition, diagram of the dynamogenetic and diagram of genetic facies for determine the transportation routes of clastic particles have been built by the interpretation of the data, on which lithogenetic types of deposits were identified.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND HYDRAULIC CONNECTIVITY OF SPRINGS IN THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF MERAPI VOLCANO

Springs are easily found in the southern slope of Merapi volcano, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia. Springs origins on this location are commonly related to the existing of Merapi Aquifer System, but importance question of all these springs are hydraulic connectivity among them. In response to the issue, the objective of this research is to determine hydraulic connectivity of springs based on their chemical composition. To answer the objectives, measurement of spring discharge and physicochemical properties of spring’s water and sampling of selected spring’s water were conducted on this research in the study area. Water chemistry composition was classify by Kurlov formula and displayed by Fingerprint diagram and Composition diagram. Results show that the chemical compositions of most all spring samples are almost similar and does not significantly different for most properties from upstream to downstream, which are Na–Ca–HCO3 water, only one spring of Umbul Jatiningsih spring had different chemical composition of Ca–Na–Mg– HCO3 water. Based on the Fingerprint diagram and Composition diagram evaluation, the spring’s water can be differentiated into three groups. Group 1 consists of ten springs which have similar chemical composition of Na–Ca–HCO3 and with electrical conductivity ranges between 150 to 200 mS/cm. Group 2 consists only one spring “Umbul Pajangan” which contain similar chemical composition to Group 1 but has significantly higher ions concentration (EC value about 400 mS/cm) and Group 3 consists also only one spring “Umbul Jatiningsih” which has significantly different ionic composition with Group 1 and 2. Regarding on this condition, it can be concluded that Group 1 spring is hydraulically connected and relate to the shallow aquifer system of Merapi Aquifer System. In other side, water of spring “Umbul Pajangan”possibly comes from deeper aquifer system of Merapi Aquifer System and this argument is supported by the spring discharge evaluation. Finally, spring “Umbul Jatiningsih” is originate mainly from different aquifer system of porous limestone aquifer. Keywords: Merapi aquifer system, spring, chemical composition, geological condition