Experimental studies to increase the natural resources of brine shrimp Artemia in hyperhaline reservoirs

A brief analysis of the available technologies for growing Artemia in the world and in Russia is given in the paper. The conditions for production of Artemia in natural reservoirs with a local Artemia population are shown. The results of laboratory experiments on reducing the incubation time of cysts to 2-23 hours (instead of the standard 24-48 hours) and the inoculation of nauplii and non-hatched cysts into the brine of natural lakes with salinity of 101, 125, 225 and 333‰ are given in details. The following indicators are analyzed: the rate of hatching during incubation, the rate of hydration of cysts during incubation and dehydration in brine; the survival rate of nauplii in brine, the possibility of hatching nauplii from cysts in brine with different salinity. The results of long-term observations of the survival of Artemia crustaceans in the brine of the lake in the absence of feeding are also presented. It is possible to reduce the incubation time to 6-20 hours is concluded in the paper. The dependence of the duration of incubation of cysts on the temperature, quality of cysts and salinity of natural brine was noted. To determine the optimal incubation time of cysts the formulas for calculating T90 according to the temperature and salinity of brine for cysts of different quality are given.

Investigation of Azambur Mirabilite Deposit and Lake Water to Obtain Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate

Under the influence of environmental conditions, the article examines the change in the physical and chemical properties of the natural brine system containing sodium sulfate, which is located in Georgia, on the territory of the municipality of Sagarejo. To this purpose in November-June 2019-2020 the full chemical compositions of natural brine were studied at one-month intervals. The following ions were studied in brine: SO4 2-, Cl- , HCO3 - , CO3 2-, Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ and Mg2+.. In water samples, conductivity was also measured. The concentrations of the studied ions in the natural brine vary with the season, in particular, all the studied ions begin to decrease in the fall, sharply decrease in the winter, increase in the spring and significantly increase in the summer.

Characterizing Dispersion Effectiveness at Varying Salinities

ABSTRACT Chemical dispersant formulations typically provide maximum oil dispersion in waters between 30–40 ppt (parts per thousand) salt content, which encompasses typical ocean salinity (~34 ppt). As a result, most laboratory studies of oil dispersion effectiveness (DE) are conducted at low to average ocean salinity. Ocean salinity can vary locally from below 20 ppt during ice and snow melt, to extremely high (over 100 ppt) during freeze up periods or within natural brine pools in deeper waters. In this study, the influence of salinity on DE was evaluated using the baffled flask test (BFT) at a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. Benchtop experiments were conducted with Alaskan North Slope (ANS) crude oil in the presence or absence of chemical dispersant at 5 and 25°C and varying salinities (0.2 to 125 ppt). In addition to DE as determined by BFT, oil droplet size distribution (DSD) and fluorescence intensity was measured via a LISST-100X particle size analyzer (Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Bellevue, WA) and ECO fluorometer (Sea Bird - WET Labs, Inc.; Philomath, OR), respectively. Results indicate that in the presence of dispersant, maximum DE occurred at 25ppt, and decreases above and below this salinity. Concentration of small droplets (<10 μm) was twice as high at 35ppt than at the other salinities in the presence of dispersant at 25°C. Treatments without dispersant did not vary significantly as a function of salinity. Flume tank experiments over a range of salinities support the lab scale results of DSD. These results provide a more comprehensive picture pertaining to the influence of salinity on dispersant usage at high salinities.

Separation of K2CO3 from Li+ Brine with Aid of CO2 and Trace of Metastable Quaternary System Li+–K+–CO32−–HCO3−–H2O

It is of importance to reclaim single-salt of potash from Li+-type brines of low concentration. In this work the potassium salts KHCO3 was efficiently separated from the lithium carbonate-type brines with the aid of CO2 carbonation. The phase field was provided in which the precipitation of KHCO3 occurs and single-salt of potassium can be obtained. The low concentration of [Li+] was also successfully concentrated to a high level (8.1 g/L), and this concentration can be used as sources for Li+-salts production using pre-developed strategies, which looks forward wider applications of the lithium resources of natural brine. This state-of-art was traced via isotherm evaporation on the quaternary system of Li+–K+–CO32−–H2O at 298.15 K in which the carbonation steps were performed by CO2. Metastable phase diagram was found to consist of three invariant points, seven univariant curves, and four crystallization fields corresponding to Li2CO3, KHCO3, potassium carbonate sesquihydrate (K2CO3 ⋅ 3/2H2O), and a potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate double salt (K2CO3 ⋅ 2 KHCO3 ⋅ 1.5H2O). There was no crystallization field corresponding to LiHCO3. The pH-composition diagram and density-composition diagram were also plotted. This work was carried out in aim of extracting/separating single salts of alkali metals from carbonate-type brines of west China.