A Mineralogical, Geochemical, and Geochronological Study of ‘Valencianite’ from La Valenciana Mine, Guanajuato, Mexico

Valencianite has been described as a variety of K-feldspar (adularia) from La Valenciana mine, Guanajuato, Mexico, from which three samples were used for this study. We present new major and trace element analysis, X-ray powder diffraction with Rietveld refinement, and single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar ages of this classical mineral. A detailed review of major works on feldspars and relevant papers from adularia shows that the structure of this mineral has monoclinic and triclinic domains with variable degrees of Al/Si order that we have been only able to model by powder X-ray diffraction assuming the presence of monoclinic (~50%) plus triclinic (~50%) K-feldspar. The literature data show some extreme structural states for adularia obtained in the pre-Rietveld refinement era; these data are dubious and need to be reanalyzed. A triangular diagram using the relative development of {110}, {010} and {001} faces is proposed. The temperature of formation, the Na/K ratio, and the growth kinetics seem to be the main factors controlling the morphological changes in K-feldspar crystals. The geochemistry of valencianite shows an almost pure orthoclase composition, as is common in most adularia crystals, although compositions up to Or90Ab10 have been found. Measurement of thallium in adularia can be an exploration guide for ore deposits. The weighted mean of 15 40Ar/39Ar analyses of one valencianite from La Valenciana mine gave an age of 30.43 ± 0.27 Ma (2 standard deviations). It is discussed whether valencianite can be considered a new mineral.

Physicochemical evolution and evaluation of groundwater quality in Mougheul area (Southwest of Algeria)

In arid areas, the pressure on water resources and in particular on groundwater resources is on the rise, mainly due to increasing demand and the deterioration of water quality. In this context, the present work aims to follow the annual evolution, between 2009 and 2019 of the physicochemical parameters, and to evaluate the quality of groundwater of the region of Mougheul, by determining the data of pH, TDS, conductivity and the concentrations of major ions ( Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO4−2, NO3−) of 07 water points. The results revealed that all the levels of the physicochemical parameters do not exceed the WHO potability standards, except high values were observed at the level of well W6 which exceeds the limits recommended by the WHO (50 mg /l). The diagram of Schöeller and Berkaloff shows that the groundwater has the bicarbonate magnesium facies. The representation of the data on the Piper triangular diagram shows that W6 has the facies chlorinated and calcium sulfate and magnesium and the other water points have the facies bicarbonate calcium and magnesium. SAR values show that the groundwater of Mougheul is excellent for irrigation. The classification according to the Wilcox diagram shows that the groundwater of Mougheul in general is good quality, but the well of W6 water is suitable for irrigation and requires monitoring the evolution of salinity.

ESTIMATION INTRODUCTION OF THE DISCRETE HEATING SYSTEM OF THE SETTLEMENT USING THE EXPRESS-METHOD «3Е»

The energy system of Ukraine, as well as the world power industry now in a phase of change related to the deterioration of the environment, a large number of new technologies and a change in global geopolitics. Thus, there is a need for quick decision-making when introducing new products, technologies and methods. The article proposes a modern approach to solving key strategic issues at the enterprise. A comparative analysis of existing classical methods of making management decisions is made and a number of advantages of the author's method are revealed. In this article, with the help of the proposed method, the feasibility of introducing a discrete heating system in the village is determined. In order to achieve this goal, the structure of the heat sources used in the settlement is determined, an analysis of the users of heating and comparison of the prices for heat energy is obtained using natural gas, pellets and a discrete heating system. The next step is to compare all sources of heat energy by the three main weighting criteria that most accurately reflect their quality. The preliminary expression of each criterion in a numerical dimensionless expression allows us to obtain a decision to make an optimal decision by graph-analytical method. This allows us to determine the main factors influencing the object of research and the decision making decision to three equally weighted coefficients: energy, ecology, economics. The obtained indicators are the faces of a triangular diagram, which forms the general plane within which all investigated objects or processes are located. The next step is to determine the field of satisfactory results, which has a flexible system of construction, which accurately shows the limits, taking into account the conditions of a specific task and goals. The triangular diagram has a visually accessible structure, so it is easy to understand to untrained people. As can be seen from the rating, the use of mobile heat supply with mobile battery is the most advantageous. Sources of heat supply on wood used as fuel, the most attractive from an economic point of view, however, lose to other sources of heat from the ecological and energy point of view.

MOBILE ACCUMULATORS FOR DISCRETE SYSTEMS HEAT-COLD SUPPLIES. Part 2.

The purpose of this article is selection and substantiate the construct materials for a mobile battery of thermal energy. To evaluate the impact of chemical corrosion on the structural materials of the tank-battery, and researching the strength of the tank-battery during transportation and determination the feasibility of introducing and effectiveness of investments in environmental measures on the example of the implementation of the discrete heating / cooling systems. A comparison has been made of the technical characteristics chosen for our studies of heat storage material - bischofite and sodium acetate trihydrate, which showed that both substances have certain advantages and limitations in their application. An experiment was carried out to determine the stability of the material for corrosion, after the 10 cycles of heating-cooling, the metal parts that were deposited in the bischofite solution remained virtually unchanged, no corrosion marks were observed. While specimens that were in the melt of sodium triacetate have obvious corrosion marks (except for a stainless steel sample). Particularly noticeable corrosion of samples that were on the verge of air and sodium triacetate. Thus, it has been confirmed that the use of hydrated salt melts requires additional measures to protect against corrosion of metals, and the use of polymer materials is limited by the temperature of their application. Calculations of the strength of the tank-accumulator at static and dynamic loads with the account of transportation are carried out. Taking into account the obtained results of Mises stress, the tensile stresses in the cut and stresses of bolted joints during rolling during transport under conditions of use of steel constructions are higher. In the course of determining the feasibility of implementing the project, it was tested and proposed to supplement the methods of calculating the investment of energy saving measures and projects by a fundamentally new method of strategic rapid analysis "3E". This method allows you to get a graphical representation of the result of the analysis and with a high degree of probability to determine the strategy of financing the implementation projects. The analysis is based on three main criteria, namely: energy, environmental and economic. These weighting criteria consist of a number of values that are necessary to obtain a likely return on the payback of the implementation project. The results of express analysis are clearly represented in the form of the area of permissible values on the triangular diagram, which we are invited to call the "3E triangle" in the initial words of words: Energy, Ecology and Economics. An economic analysis has also been conducted, which showed that the estimated payback period of the project is less than five years, and the volume of annual revenue from the sale of thermal energy and cold is 1470000 UAH. Thus, the project is attractive for investment.

GRAINSIZE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE DEPOSITS OF THE KARA SEA SHELF

Results of the study samples of offshore deposits of the Kara Sea, taken during VNII Okeangeologia expedition in 2007 are considered in this article. Particle size analysis of samples performed by laser diffraction. Mineralogical analysis was performed by X-ray. The triangular diagram of particle size distribution composition, diagram of the dynamogenetic and diagram of genetic facies for determine the transportation routes of clastic particles have been built by the interpretation of the data, on which lithogenetic types of deposits were identified.

LINGKUNGAN DAN EVOLUSI TEKTONIK BATUAN DAN SEDIMEN BERDASARKAN UNSUR KIMIA UTAMA DI PERAIRAN BAYAH DAN SEKITARNYA, PROVINSI BANTEN

Pengeplotan data unsur kimia pada diagram SiO2 vs K2O untuk sampel sedimen dasar laut cenderung terjadi kenaikan SiO2 dan penurunan K2O, sehingga arah evolusi berkembang dari kalk-alkalin sedang ke kalk-alkalin rendah (toleitik). Pada sampel batuan beku dan sedimen hasil pemboran memperlihatkan pola evolusi magma sebaliknya, terjadi kenaikan SiO2 dan K2O dalam seri magma yang sama (toleitik). Kondisi ini diperkuat oleh diagram segitiga AFM (A = Na2O+K2O; F = FeOtotal ; M = MgO) yang menunjukkan sebagian besar sampel yang diplot berada antara toleitik dan kalk-alkalin sedang. Hasil ini memberi kesimpulan bahwa batuan ini bersifat transisi antara toleitik dan kalk-alkalin sedang, dan condong ke arah seri toleitik sebagai indikasi batuan berasal dari daerah samudera. Berdasarlan pengeplotan pada diagram segitiga TiO2 – 10MnO – P2O5, lingkungan tektonik batuan beku di pantai Cibobos, sedimen dasar laut dan sedimen pemboran pada umumnya berada pada lingkungan tektonik andesit kepulauan samudera dan sebagian busur benua. Hasil tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa sedimen di daerah Bayah berhubungan dengan seri magma dengan afinitas rendah mulai toleitik hingga kalk-alkalin sedang dan batuan samudera yang menyusup ke busur kepulauan atau busur benua. Hasil ini dapat mengetahui lingkungan dan evolusi batuan sumber sehingga diharapkan bermanfaat dalam kegiatan ekplorasi sumber daya mineral dan energi di masa mendatang. Kata kunci: unsur kimia utama, lingkungan tektonik, evolusi, kerak samudera dan kontinen, perairan Bayah Plotting of major elements data of the seafloor sediment samples on diagram of SiO2 vs K2O tends to increase the SiO2 and decrease the K2O, therefore the direction of evolution develop from medium to low calc-alkaline (tholeitic). From igneous rocks and drilling sediment samples shows that the evolution magma has the opposite pattern, increasing of SiO2 and K2O in the same magma series ( tholeitic). This condition is confirmed by the triangular diagram of AFM (A = Na2O+K2O; F = FeOtotal ; M = MgO) that shows the most of plotted samples are between medium calc-alkaline and tholeitic. This result give a conclusion that these rocks are at transitional area between tholeitic and medium calc-alkaline, and tend towards tholeitic series as an indication of rocks from oceanic zone. Based on plotting on the triangular diagram of TiO2 - 10MnO - P2O5, tectonic environment of igneous rocks in the coast of Cibobos, surface and drilling sediment samples, in general these samples are in the tectonic environment of oceanic islands andesite and partial of continental arc. From this study, it can be concluded that the sediment in the Bayah area is associated with affinity magma series from low kalk-alkaline (tholeitic) to medium calc-alkaline, and oceanic crust is being subducting to continental arc. This result could recognize the environment and the evolution of source rocks, therefore it may useful in the exploration activities of mineral and energy resources in the future. Keywords: major elements, tectonic environment, evolution, continental and oceanic crust, Bayah waters.

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PREDOMINANT IONS IN THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF MINE 3 (COMPANHIA NITROQUÍMICA BRASILEIRA), MORRO DA FUMAÇA, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

This paper presents a comparative hydrogeochemical characterization on the predominant ions of the underground water that flow the Cocal vein, in the Mina 3 (Companhia Nitroquímica Brasileira), Fluorine Distritic of Santa Catarina, Morro da Fumaça Co., Santa Catarina, Brazil. Four samples were selected: P1 – underground water to 300 m of depth; P2 –underground water to 150 m of depth; P3 – water of the dam of reject; P4 – treated water of provisioning of Companhia Catarinense de Águas e Saneamento (CASAN). In the water sample collected in the selected sources, quantitative determinations of physical-chemical parameters (pH and electric conductivity) and of cations (Al, Ca, Cl, Li, Mg, Mn, K, Si, Na, and Zn) and anions (sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, and fluorine) were performed. The results obtained revealed that most of the analyzed ions are related to the representatives that originated from rocks that constitute the pools where the studied water flow. The hydrogeochemical classification was obtained starting from the miliequivalence pattern among the main elements, in the cations and anions form being used the triangular diagram of Piper. The underground water of the point 1 presented a hydrogeochemical characterization compatible with is geological environment occurrence and being perceptible the characterization of an interrelation among the rock and the water that circulate within and they also presented an amount of larger ions than the water of the point 2, in since it flow through a mineralized pool. The underground water of the point 2 presented good potable conditions, with some restrictions. In the water of the point 3 there is a larger ions concentration by due to the washing of the mineral, that allows a larger solubilization of the elements, and the time of permanence of the water in the lake also causes larges concentration. The water collected in P4 point exhibit good water potability parameters and absence of conditions that favor fluorosis.

A novel approach to comparing simultaneous size-segregated particulate matter (PM) concentration ratios by means of a dedicated triangular diagram using the Agri Valley PM measurements as an example

This work presents a novel approach to comparing and graphically representing simultaneous concentration measurements of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (i.e., aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10, 2.5 and 1 μm, respectively) with similar data reported in the literature using PM2.5/PM10 and PM1/PM10 concentration ratios. With this aim, a dedicated triangular diagram was used. The proposed approach was applied to size-segregated particulate matter (PM) concentrations recorded in the Agri Valley (Basilicata region – southern Italy). Results show that the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations recorded in the Agri Valley are comparable both in terms of PM concentration ratios and PM levels to an urban site.