Rootstock and Nutrient Imbalance Leads to ‘‘Green Spot’’ Development in ‘WA 38’ Apples

‘WA 38’ is a new apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivar, released by Washington State University (WSU) in 2017. An unknown disorder, ‘‘green spot’’ (GS), dark green halos in the epidermis, with necrotic, corky, and oxidated cortical tissue underneath the damaged epidermis, leads to unmarketable fruit and has become a threat to the adoption and profitability of ‘WA 38’, with young and mature orchards exhibiting up to 60% incidence in 2020. Given the apparent susceptibility of ‘WA 38’ to GS, this research investigated GS relation with nutrient levels in fruit. Research was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in a ‘WA 38’ apple block planted in 2013, on ‘Geneva 41’ (‘G.41’) and ‘M.9-Nic 29’ (‘M.9’) rootstocks. In both years, fruit number per tree, fruit weight, and fruit diameter were evaluated in 18 trees per treatment, from both rootstocks. From each tree, fruit were classified for presence or absence of GS, and subsequently analyzed for nutrient concentration in the peel and in the flesh, nutrient extraction, and total nutrient content, on an individual apple basis. Apples with GS had higher nitrogen (N) and magnesium (Mg) levels in the peel, regardless of year and rootstock. Apples grown on ‘G.41’ rootstock exhibited higher GS incidence and reduced crop load in both years; reduced size and fruit diameter were exhibited only in 2018. Fruit on ‘G.41’ had higher N, potassium (K), and Mg in the flesh and higher N and Mg in the peel, with lower levels of calcium (Ca) in the flesh and peel; however, only in 2018, with no differences in 2019. GS in ‘WA 38’ apples appears to be another Ca-related disorder in which excessive vigor, rootstock, and N and Mg excess are predisposing factors for its development.

Z-WASTE: APLIKASI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN BERBASIS MOBILE

Plastic waste has reached pandemic levels worldwide. It adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans. Meanwhile, adopting information technology may reduce plastic waste problem. In this study, a Zerowaster application was developed that can provide green spot information. The idea of the developed application is unique from existing applications. Zerowaster application does not make plastic waste as an object that is informed, but rather shows information on clean places or where there is no trash. Prototype method is used in this study. And Blackblox is chosen as a method to test the application. Application development is started by desgining interface, then developinng a webpage admin, implementing Application Programming Interface (API) and Geographic Information System (GIS). The result shows that Zerowaster application running well on mobile application as well as showing green spot for the users.

Cheirostylis wenshanensis, a new species of Orchidaceae from Yunan, China

A new orchid species, Cheirostylis wenshanensis (Orchidaceae; Cranichideae; Goodyerinae), from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological. This new species is similar to C. pingbianensis, but it differs by having a leaf-like flora bract at bottom, to 2.3 cm long; Inflorescence raceme with 5 flowers; The rest part of lateral sepal 2.8–3 mm, front of lip 5–6 × 5–6 mm, both with 1 pale green spot at base of lip lobes, without denticulate between lobes.

Identifikasi dan Fotodegradasi Pigmen Klorofil Rumput Laut Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J.Agardh

Identification of chlorophyll compound of Caulerpa racemosa has been carried out using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. Four compound has been found namely xanthophll, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a, and phaeophytin. Xanthophyll was identified with the yellow spot on TLC plates which the Rf is 0,46. Chlorophyll b is yellow green spot with Rf is 0,61, the Rf of Chlorophyll a is 0,69 with the color is blue green, whereas phaeophytin is indicated as a black spot with the Rf 0,77. Volpi and UV light sources were used in this study, the volpi light radiation was caused chlorophyll extract degradation about 80,87% at Qy of l 663 nm, and the UV light source caused 72,27% degradation at l 663 nm.Key words: identification, photodegradation, chlorophyll, Caulerpa racemosa.

Tanay virus, a new species of virus isolated from mosquitoes in the Philippines

In 2005, we isolated a new species of virus from mosquitoes in the Philippines. The virion was elliptical in shape and had a short single projection. The virus was named Tanay virus (TANAV) after the locality in which it was found. TANAV genomic RNA was a 9562 nt+poly-A positive strand, and polycistronic. The longest ORF contained putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP); however, conserved short motifs in the RdRP were permuted. TANAV was phylogenetically close to Negevirus, a recently proposed taxon of viruses isolated from haemophagic insects, and to some plant viruses, such as citrus leprosis virus C, hibiscus green spot virus and blueberry necrotic ring blotch virus. In this paper, we describe TANAV and the permuted structure of its RdRP, and discuss its phylogeny together with those of plant viruses and negevirus.