İşitme cihazı kullanıcısı bebeklerin görsel pekiştirmeli konuşmayı ayırt etme yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi: Olgu serisi

Evaluation of babies with hearing aids using visual reinforced ınfant speech discrimination method: A case series Speech perception measurements are an important part of the audiology test battery. It is important to investigate hearing loss in the early period and to evaluate the auditory pathway in terms of speech perception for appropriate amplification. Due to the level of language development in infants, it is not possible to objectively evaluate speech perception skills with the speech test battery used in adults. It is necessary to use a test battery that gives objective results for the measurement of speech perception in infants. Visual Reinforcement Infant Speech Discrimination (VRISD) method is the most commonly used test technique to evaluate speech discrimination skills in infants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the speech discrimination skills of 3 babies aged 6-18 months, who are hearing aid users, with the VRISD test method. In the VRISD test protocol used in this study, test stimuli were created by matching /a/ with /i/ and /ba/ with /da/ speech stimuli. These stimulus pairs are arranged as one target sound and the other background sound, and they are presented at 70 dB via loudspeaker by creating a repeating sound sequence. Animated video that attracts the attention of the baby was used as visual reinforcement. Speech discrimination skills of 3 babies with bilateral hearing aids were evaluated with the VRISD test, and the results of the cases are presented. As a result of the study, speech discrimination skills of babies with hearing aids will be evaluated with the VRISD test method. These results contribute to habilitation and amplification programming. Keywords: Hearing aid, speech perception, pediatric audiology

Reweighting of Binaural Localization Cues in Bilateral Cochlear-Implant Listeners

Normal-hearing (NH) listeners rely on two binaural cues, the interaural time (ITD) and level difference (ILD), for azimuthal sound localization. Cochlear-implant (CI) listeners, however, rely almost entirely on ILDs. One reason is that present-day clinical CI stimulation strategies do not convey salient ITD cues. But even when presenting ITDs under optimal conditions using a research interface, ITD sensitivity is lower in CI compared to NH listeners. Since it has recently been shown that NH listeners change their ITD/ILD weighting when only one of the cues is consistent with visual information, such reweighting might add to CI listeners’ low perceptual contribution of ITDs, given their daily exposure to reliable ILDs but unreliable ITDs. Six bilateral CI listeners completed a multi-day lateralization training visually reinforcing ITDs, flanked by a pre- and post-measurement of ITD/ILD weights without visual reinforcement. Using direct electric stimulation, we presented 100- and 300-pps pulse trains at a single interaurally place-matched electrode pair, conveying ITDs and ILDs in various spatially consistent and inconsistent combinations. The listeners’ task was to lateralize the stimuli in a virtual environment. Additionally, ITD and ILD thresholds were measured before and after training. For 100-pps stimuli, the lateralization training increased the contribution of ITDs slightly, but significantly. Thresholds were neither affected by the training nor correlated with weights. For 300-pps stimuli, ITD weights were lower and ITD thresholds larger, but there was no effect of training. On average across test sessions, adding azimuth-dependent ITDs to stimuli containing ILDs increased the extent of lateralization for both 100- and 300-pps stimuli. The results suggest that low-rate ITD cues, robustly encoded with future CI systems, may be better exploitable for sound localization after increasing their perceptual weight via training.

A neural algorithm for Drosophila linear and nonlinear decision-making

It has been evidenced that vision-based decision-making in Drosophila consists of both simple perceptual (linear) decision and value-based (non-linear) decision. This paper proposes a general computational spiking neural network (SNN) model to explore how different brain areas are connected contributing to Drosophila linear and nonlinear decision-making behavior. First, our SNN model could successfully describe all the experimental findings in fly visual reinforcement learning and action selection among multiple conflicting choices as well. Second, our computational modeling shows that dopaminergic neuron-GABAergic neuron-mushroom body (DA-GABA-MB) works in a recurrent loop providing a key circuit for gain and gating mechanism of nonlinear decision making. Compared with existing models, our model shows more biologically plausible on the network design and working mechanism, and could amplify the small differences between two conflicting cues more clearly. Finally, based on the proposed model, the UAV could quickly learn to make clear-cut decisions among multiple visual choices and flexible reversal learning resembling to real fly. Compared with linear and uniform decision-making methods, the DA-GABA-MB mechanism helps UAV complete the decision-making task with fewer steps.

REDESAIN LOGO DAN MEDIA PROMOSI SEBAGAI CITRA PRODUK MAKANAN RINGAN UKM BENOK

Abstrak Perkembangan industri di Indonesia memberikan perubahan bagi Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) untuk bersaing memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen. Obyek penelitian ini pada UKM Benok di Desa Klampok Kecamatan Tongas Kabupaten Probolinggo hasil budi daya jagung yang diolah menjadi makanan ringan Emping dan Tortilla Jagung. UKM Benok memiliki peluang masuk di pasar swalayan. Namun identitas UKM Benok masih belum jelas dalam penerapan visualnya. Sehingga perlu meredesain logo Benok yang memiliki kekuatan identitas citra produk jagung. Upaya redesain dan media promosi dalam meningkatkan daya beli masyarakat adalah bagian dari proses mengungkap problematika yang dihadapi oleh UKM Benok, terutama bertujuan peningkatan citra produk makanan ringan. Melalui metode penelitian Desain proses pengumpulan data yang kemudian di lakukan analisis SWOT, analisis visual dan verbal guna menghasilkan redesain logo, analisis warna dan konfigurasi yang dijadikan dasar dalam mendesain label kemasan dan media promosi sebagai citra produk. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu pengembangan kemasan menggunakan standup pouch, mampu memberikan kemudahan konsumen dan meningkatkan kualitas produk Benok. Sedangkan penguatan citra produk dengan meredesain yang meliputi logo, naming dan warna serta pendekatan fotografi dalam penguatan visual pada desain label kemasan dan desain poster sebagai penguatan merek yang mampu bersaing di pasar dan mampu meningkatkan daya saing dari Benok. Kata Kunci: citra produk, kemasan, logo, media promosi, redesain AbstractThe development of industry in Indonesia provides a change for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) or “Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM)” to compete with consumers. The object of this research is Benok UKM in Klampok Village, Tongas Subdistrict, Probolinggo District, the results of corn cultivation processed were snacks, Emping, and Corn Tortillas. Benok UKM has the opportunity to enter the supermarket. However, the identity of Benok UKM is still unclear in its visual application. So it is necessary to redesign the Benok logo that has the strength of the corn product image identity. Efforts to redesign and promote media in increasing people's purchasing power are part of the process of uncovering the problems faced by Benok UKM by particularly aiming at improving the image of snack products. Through research design methods the process of collecting data is then carried out a SWOT analysis, visual and verbal analysis to produce logo redesign, color analysis, and configuration that are the basis for designing packaging labels and promotional media as product images. The results of this study are the development of packaging using standup pouch, able to provide consumer convenience, and improve the quality of Benok products. While strengthening the product image by redesigning that includes logos, naming, and colors as well as a photographic approach in visual reinforcement on the packaging label design and poster design as a reinforcement of a brand that can compete in the market and can increase the competitiveness of Benok. Keywords: logo, packaging, product image, promotion media, redesign