Selected financial indicators as a tool for optimizing local government units management

Finances of each organization are the basic security of its existence and the main indicator of its profitability. In local government units public finances, despite many similarities, are governed by different rules than economic entities, if only because local governments have systemically guaranteed income in the form of state grants and subsidies. New and modern methods of financial management appear in self-government financial management. We can notice it both in the scope of sources of investment financing and the scope of information and data justifying or negating financial decisions and, consequently, local government management. Financial indicators as tools supporting the decision-making process of governing bodies are an important factor in decision-making, including the implementation of public tasks, satisfaction of social needs and expectations. Thanks to indicators local governments have analytical information, useful in the process of management taking into account social expectations comparable to other units. The indicators show where a given self-government unit is in relation to its competitors, allow for a comparable evaluation of the achievable results and for a social evaluation covering the expectations and needs of the community's inhabitants. It should be noted that the indicators are the effect of using data, which are very abundant on the local government and business market. We often deal with metadata covering the whole country and regions and their sources are more or less reliable. Reliability of sources is extremely important in public perception. It is guaranteed by institutions representing information collected on the basis of systematic reports, obtained in a uniform space for all local government units. Both data and indicators calculated on their basis, as well as reliable rankings presented, are tools used by mayors of communes, local communities, more and more often government institutions, funds, agencies and media presenting more and less reliable rankings.

On expansive homeomorphism of uniform spaces

We study the notion of expansive homeomorphisms on uniform spaces. It is shown that if there exists a topologically expansive homeomorphism on a uniform space, then the space is always a Hausdor space and hence a regular space. Further, we characterize orbit expansive homeomorphisms in terms of topologically expansive homeomorphisms and conclude that if there exist a topologically expansive homeomorphism on a compact uniform space then the space is always metrizable.

Perceptual Navigation in Absorption-Scattering Space

Translucency optically results from subsurface light transport and plays a considerable role in how objects and materials appear. Absorption and scattering coefficients parametrize the distance a photon travels inside the medium before it gets absorbed or scattered, respectively. Stimuli produced by a material for a distinct viewing condition are perceptually non-uniform w.r.t. these coefficients. In this work, we use multi-grid optimization to embed a non-perceptual absorption-scattering space into a perceptually more uniform space for translucency and lightness. In this process, we rely on A (alpha) as a perceptual translucency metric. Small Euclidean distances in the new space are roughly proportional to lightness and apparent translucency differences measured with A. This makes picking A more practical and predictable, and is a first step toward a perceptual translucency space.

All-at-once multigrid approaches for one-dimensional space-fractional diffusion equations

We focus on a time-dependent one-dimensional space-fractional diffusion equation with constant diffusion coefficients. An all-at-once rephrasing of the discretized problem, obtained by considering the time as an additional dimension, yields a large block linear system and paves the way for parallelization. In particular, in case of uniform space–time meshes, the coefficient matrix shows a two-level Toeplitz structure, and such structure can be leveraged to build ad-hoc iterative solvers that aim at ensuring an overall computational cost independent of time. In this direction, we study the behavior of certain multigrid strategies with both semi- and full-coarsening that properly take into account the sources of anisotropy of the problem caused by the grid choice and the diffusion coefficients. The performances of the aforementioned multigrid methods reveal sensitive to the choice of the time discretization scheme. Many tests show that Crank–Nicolson prevents the multigrid to yield good convergence results, while second-order backward-difference scheme is shown to be unconditionally stable and that it allows good convergence under certain conditions on the grid and the diffusion coefficients. The effectiveness of our proposal is numerically confirmed in the case of variable coefficients too and a two-dimensional example is given.

Index boundedness and uniform connectedness of space of the G-permutation degree

<p>In this paper the properties of space of the G-permutation degree, like: weight, uniform connectedness and index boundedness are studied. It is proved that:</p><p>(1) If (X, U) is a uniform space, then the mapping π s n, G : (X n , U n ) → (SP n GX, SP n GU) is uniformly continuous and uniformly open, moreover w (U) = w (SP n GU);</p><p>(2) If the mapping f : (X, U) → (Y, V) is a uniformly continuous (open), then the mapping SP n Gf : (SP n GX, SP n GU) → (SP n GY, SP n GV) is also uniformly continuous (open);</p><p>(3) If the uniform space (X, U) is uniformly connected, then the uniform space (SP n GX, SP n GU) is also uniformly connected.</p>

Invariants of Uniform Conjugacy on Uniform Dynamical System

In this paper, we present some important dynamical concepts on uniform space such as the uniform minimal systems, uniform shadowing, and strong uniform shadowing. We explain some definitions and theorems such as definition uniform expansive, weak uniform expansive, uniform generator, and the proof of the theorems for them. We prove that if be a homeomorphism on a compact uniform space then has uniform shadowing if and only if has uniform shadowing, so if has strong uniform shadowing if and only if has strong uniform shadowing. We also show that and be two uniform homeomorphisms on compact uniform spaces and , if is a uniform conjugacy from to , then . Besides some other results.

A Study on the Changes in Sharehouse Design in Korea

Among Korea’s household types, the demand for one-person housing, such as sharehouses, is noticeably increasing as lifestyle factors evolve. Sharehouses feature private bedrooms with communal spaces such as living rooms, kitchens, and bathrooms. This housing type has been supplied since 2010, yet its changes over time to meet demand have been underexplored. This study assesses the changing patterns of sharehouses by exploring six examples built between 2011 and 2019 and analyzing the changes in terms of communal space, personal space, and operating method. The results found that the later sharehouses eliminated the earlier sharehouses’ approach to uniform space configuration and operating methods, and manifested many changes (addition of work and cultural spaces; independent bathrooms and skip-floors to enhance privacy; and selection of residents being tailored to specific business/culture fields). Based on the findings, this study makes four suggestions to inform future spatial planning of sharehouses: (1) Spatial planning should reflect trends; (2) the target requirements for residents and ownership of sharehouses should be broadened; (3) operations and community programs should be developed; and (4) new laws and regulations specifically for sharehouses should be created.

Paracompact-type mappings

Recently a new direction of uniform topology called the uniform topology of uniformly continuous mappings has begun to develop intensively. This direction is devoted, first of all, to the extension to uniformly continuous mappings of the basic concepts and statements concerning uniform spaces. In this case a uniform space is understood as the simplest uniformly continuous mapping of this uniform space into a one-point space. The investigations carried out have revealed large uniform analogs of continuous mappings and made it possible to transfer to uniformly continuous mappings many of the main statements of the uniform topology of spaces. The method of transferring results from spaces to mappings makes it possible to generalize many results. Therefore, the problem of extending some concepts and statements concerning uniform spaces to uniformly continuous mappings is urgent. In this article, we introduce and study uniformly R-paracompact, strongly uniformly R-paracompact, and uniformly R-superparacompact mappings. In particular, we solve the problem of preserving R-paracompact (respectively, strongly uniformly R-paracompact, uniformly R-superparacompact) spaces towards the preimage under uniformly R-paracompact (respectively, strongly uniformly R-paracompact, uniformly R-superparacompact) mappings.

Coastal Depth Extraction from Satellites Images

The problems in bathymetry measurement often have gaps or ‘holes’ within the data. As a result, hydrographic surveyors often have sparse data, and even though the data is dense and equal distances, there is still a gap in time. This paper present coastal depth extraction from satellite images. The problem encountered during the bathymetry derivation process and the problem related to the space, distribution and quantity of the Single-beam echo sounder (SBES) data. Therefore, the idea of using spatial interpolation could be a suitable approach in solving the problems. This study intends to produce Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) from Landsat 8 images at Pantai Tok Jembal, Terengganu, Malaysia. The proposed method by first interpolating the SBES point in the calibration data using spatial predictors, i.e. Inverse Distance Weightage, Thin-Plate Spline, Spline with Tension, Universal Kriging, Natural Neighbor, and Topo to Raster. Second, the raster output created from the interpolation process then converts into the point shapefile. Third, intersect function use to eliminate the point whereby not in the domain. Finally, the newly generated SBES points in calibration data ready to apply at the SDB computation process, generating SDB. In continuation, a comparative analysis conducted between six SDB results generated using each different newly generated calibration data. The result indicates SDB utilizes with Universal Kriging-newly generated calibration data (RMSE: 0.718 m) was the best result. To summarise, this study has successfully attained the research objectives by utilizing the newly generated calibration data in generating SDB. The task of spatial interpolation recreates the SBES data from irregular space and short data to uniform space and long data, which facilitate in pixel to point value extraction and help refine the bathymetry derivation process. Furthermore, the proposed method suitable to be used when the data are not applicable or limited.

A Comparison of Discrete Schemes for Numerical Solution of Parabolic Problems with Fractional Power Elliptic Operators

The main aim of this article is to analyze the efficiency of general solvers for parabolic problems with fractional power elliptic operators. Such discrete schemes can be used in the cases of non-constant elliptic operators, non-uniform space meshes and general space domains. The stability results are proved for all algorithms and the accuracy of obtained approximations is estimated by solving well-known test problems. A modification of the second order splitting scheme is presented, it combines the splitting method to solve locally the nonlinear subproblem and the AAA algorithm to solve the nonlocal diffusion subproblem. Results of computational experiments are presented and analyzed.