Use of design methods in optimising the economic resources of an enterprise

The main objective of the article was to show the relationship between the selection of appropriate economic indicators, correlating them with the appropriate project methods used in process management, and on the basis of this to show ways to improve management processes in this method. Presentation of economic resources, indicator dependencies and management tools in the project method was necessary to achieve the goal. The paper presents the authors' views on the essence of tool selection in the design method taking into account resources and economic aspects. The VUCA environment is also considered and characterized and described. The use of two methods adapted to project management has been proposed. The selection of these methods used in project management based on the analysis of economic resources, vibrating environment and the speed of response and planning in the company was justified. In the following article, the authors also proposed a selection of economic indicators on the basis of which it is possible to determine the degree of advancement of the project, its profitability and to indicate the critical points and places where delays may occur or the original plan may be exceeded. The indicators were selected in such a way as to be a representative group of comparisons in the field of economics, in the macro and micro environment, in the social field, in the resource field of the company and to show the economic aspect of these activities. By matching appropriate methods of project management with appropriate economic indicators, a model of economic-management relations was obtained, which used in management streamlines decision-making processes in the company and improves its effectiveness, profitability and resource efficiency.

Mathematical model in the banking on the ex ample of simple percentage

Mathematical modeling is the description of the reality in the language of the mathematics and formal logic which creates symbols, mathematical relation and also strictly determined rules of employing them (Jaworski, Micał 2005). This article is devoted to the structure of the model describing the process of increasing the capital value within the time which basis constitutes the calculations based on the rule of simple percentage. In its content are determined the chosen, basic terms associated with the financial activity of the bank (including interest rate, interest, discount). Mathematical models are also discussed enabling to count: the final capital for the initial capital with the fixed annual interest rate for the set time, the initial capital which generated the determined final capital with the fixed annual interest rate for the set time, the interest rate on the basis of the initial and final capital after certain time, the initial value of the loan for the amount of the payoff within the fixed discount rate within the certain time, the value of the commercial discount for one year on the basis of the initial value of the loan and the amount of its payoff. The presented content will supply the reader with the knowledge in calculations applied in the banks associated with the simple percentage. The article constitutes the example of combination of the theoretical knowledge with the practice and it also shows how important mathematical modeling is in the modern world.

Economic assessment and forecast models for the development of the agri-food sector of the Republic of Belarus

Dialectical method of obtaining knowledge is the general methodological basis of economics and organization, like other sciences, which considers all phenomena in development and interrelated to each other. Guided by this provision, development in the economy of the agri-food sector is studied not on an individual basis, but integrally and in conjunction with the economy and primarily with industry. The use of this method excludes a one-sided approach to the analysis of economic phenomena occurring in the agri-food sector, the maximum economic effect is ensured on the basis of the integral use of factors and conditions of agro-industry. The scientific study is based on the materials (proceedings) of foreign and domestic authors, data from the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, the content of national programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus, as well as materials posted on official electronic media. The methods of systemic and comparative analysis, EMM (economic and mathematical methods) were used in the course of the study.

The analysis of the digital transformation trends in the Ukrainian economy

The consistent evolution of technology around the world creates new production tools and opportunities for different economic agents. As a result, new economic structures are emerging as a result of industrial revolutions. Today, the digital economy is seen as the backbone of the fourth industrial revolution, as there is a clear shift in the underlying technology and signs of a technological and economic paradigm shift. The current stage of the industrial revolution is associated with the Internet communication technologies development, which has significantly changed the technology of business processes and has been called "digitalisation". Thus, the fourth industrial revolution and the third wave of globalisation are based on the digital economy. The article explores trends in the development of the Ukrainian economy under the influence of ubiquitous digitalisation. Digital transformation changes traditional business models of organisations, allowing them to occupy profitable niches in global markets, raising the prestige of business and the state as a whole. In today's environment, the level of digitalisation illustrates the degree of companies' competitiveness and is a determining factor in development strategy. To analyse the processes of digitalisation and determine the place of Ukraine in the digital world, the article identifies and describes four zones of digital transformation, which are particular to the world economies. It is determined that Ukraine has fallen into a zone of prospective economies, where digital infrastructure is limited. Still, digital development is accelerating, indicating the potential for digitalisation to flourish, which will benefit economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and long-term transformation. Ukraine's integral digital transformation index score is placed at 2.81 out of a possible 5 in 2021. It was determined that the main barriers to the digital transformation development in Ukrainian business include ineffective legislation, insufficient funding and low digital literacy of the population. However, the highest score among the index components was given to companies' overall level of digital transformation. A positive result of the survey is confirmation of increased investment in the digital technologies development in Ukraine: priority investments in this area include customer interaction, data analytics and HR management.

The economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the polish economy

The date of the end of the COVID-19 pandemic is difficult to forecast. Apart from the undoubted humanitarian and social consequences, its development and spread will also contribute to changes in the economy. This paper describes the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for the Polish economy. Depending on the way the pandemic will develop, the Organization for Cooperation and Economic Development predicts that the Gross Domestic Product in Poland will drop by -7.4%, and will rebound to 4.8% by the end of 2021. It is also assumed a broad-based recovery with GDP rebounding by 2.4% in 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the labor market in Poland. It is assumed that the Polish economy has been affected less by the effects of the pandemic than other European countries. The coronavirus pandemic contributed to significant changes in the organization of work, that is, an increase in the percentage of people doing a household work. Humankind has already learned how to overcome global crises, but their burdens have never been evenly distributed. Losses and threats bring new chances and opportunities. In line with the Pareto principle, it is stated that even if 80 percent of people suffer losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the remaining 20 percent of them will ultimately benefit from it. The aim of this article is to analyze the economic effects of the coronavirus pandemic in Poland and to present the most affected industries. In the opinion of the authors of the study, this issue should be described in greater detail.

Economic and mathematical models for forecasting the development of the space industry

The article examines a problem relevant to the national security of the state, the possibility of applying economic and mathematical models to predict the prospects for the development of the space industry. In modern conditions the, space industry is seen as the basis for innovative development and economic security of the state, which is the driving force of economic development. After all, in order to sustainably develop the economy and achieve the indicators planned by the government, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the mechanisms and function of the system as a whole and its individual parts. That is why competent forecasting of the main indicators of the development of the space industry with the identification of key factors influencing it is especially relevant at the present stage. Forecasting of indicators, based on the construction of economic and mathematical models of industry development. It is determined that the construction of this model begins with the development of a specification of the model, which includes a verbal description of the study, followed by a presentation of the process of its operation in the form of mathematical formulas. It is important to clearly formulate and define the problem, as well as to identify all the factors and patterns that characterize the functioning of the system. Economic and mathematical models can increase the efficiency of the planning system of the industry and increase the accuracy of the process of forecasting its development. The successful development of the space industry today becomes a necessary condition for preserving national sovereignty both in the military-political aspect and in the field of information security.

The influence of international offshore jurisdictions on the pricing strategy

The article analyzes the causes of offshore jurisdictions and identifies the effects of offshore on national economies. An analysis of the implementation of export-import operations carried out by offshore companies in order to influence the pricing process. The pricing mechanism with affiliates within offshore jurisdictions was presented. It was substantiated the role of offshore banks in the implementation of the pricing mechanism. It was presented the pricing mechanisms within offshore jurisdictions. It has been made an analysis of the impact of transfer pricing within offshore jurisdictions. It was substantiated the economic mechanism of pricing. The international experience of regulation of offshore jurisdictions and the system of controlling the operations of affiliates was analyzed. It was substantiated the mechanisms of functioning of offshore zones and companies operating in offshore jurisdictions. The relationship between agreements concluded within offshore jurisdictions in the following areas is established and substantiated: the agreement is concluded between two independent companies in case of underpricing; the agreement is concluded between the companies connected with the capital relations (affiliated companies) at understatement of the price; agreements between two independent companies in case of overpricing; agreements between affiliated companies in case of overpricing. It was justified the use of the transfer pricing mechanism within offshore jurisdictions. Transfer prices allow you to withdraw capital from the country, as well as hide the profits of companies from taxation. The following ways of minimizing taxation are systematized: registration of a company that concentrates profits in a jurisdiction with lower taxation; concentration of profits in companies that are unprofitable according to management accounting; the use of front companies as sales companies in which profits are concentrated; non-payment of taxes as a result of illegal liquidation of the enterprise - the taxpayer, where the profit is concentrated. The basis of tax minimization is the use in the transaction of a price that deviates from the market.

The consequences of ageing for the Polish economy

The ageing of population, as well as the expected decline resulting from the demographic changes, may have a negative effect on the economy, burdening national budgets. Poland has been among 30 demographically old countries in the world for years, and the ageing of the population has already begun in the early 1970s (Majdzińska A., 2015). The subject of the study is the economic effects of ageing society in Poland. The aim of the article is to present the economic consequences of ageing in Poland. The data from the Central Statistical Office on the demographic situation in Poland are used in the article. The ageing of the population is perceived as the dominant demographic process reflecting changes in the age structure of the population and the growth in the general elderly population. Therefore, the task of the state policy is to ensure the most optimal development for ageing population. The ageing of society imposes many tasks for social policy, including pension deficits, increase in healthcare service costs and care for the elderly, as well as slowing down in economic growth in the context of increasing social costs (P. Błędowski, 2012). Human ageing is a natural process, and at the same time, it has become a subject of interest among researchers working in various scientific environments. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly observe changes and undertake extensive discussions in this regard. It goes without saying that the course of aging process and its consequences require increased attention from experts and politicians. It is necessary to take up-to-date actions that will mitigate the negative effects in the future.

Development of the taxation of retirement products in Bulgaria

Retirement products are long-term savings products. It is widespread government to encourage the saving via tax incentives. Bulgaria follows favourable taxation of saving in voluntary pension funds. The paper is searching answer whether the applied tax policy of personal retirement products in Bulgaria is efficient. The research is focused on three main areas: the nature of the tax incentives in the country; the development of the taxation of pensions across European Union and the areas for improvements of the tax policy taking into account the characteristics of the Bulgarian socio-economic environment. The efficiency of the tax advantages often is under doubt in the literature. These studies omit the fact that without tax reliefs the coverage and the efficiency of saving in personal pension plans will be low. One of the conclusions of the current research is that the tax incentives for personal retirement products have to be a part of the design of the plans and these reliefs need to be adapted to the changing economic environment. The paper reaches the conclusion that evolution of the taxation of pensions in the country is needed. The positive changes will increase the trust in the personal retirement products and will improve the adequacy and sustainability of the overall pension system in Bulgaria. This evolution can be done through set of measures that will encourage people to save and will be factor for improving the results from the saving in personal pension plans.

Theoretical basis of formation and development of economic potential of agri-food enterprises

The article substantiates the theoretical basis of the formation of the economic potential of processing enterprises of the agri-food sector, including the clarification of the “economic potential of processing enterprises of the agri-food sector” concept as a set of maximum capabilities of enterprises, due to their available resources for the efficient production of products, goods, works, services in order to meet the market needs taking into account the internal and external environment factors. Unlike the existing ones, this definition includes not only capabilities and resources, but also a specific result, which requires a systematic approach to its assessment. The scientific novelty of theoretical developments lies in a systematic approach to the analysis of the formation of the economic potential of processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex from the perspective of “resources, maximum capabilities, result, assessment”.