Distribution patterns and conservation status of Crocus species in Iran, one of the diversity centers of Crocus in the Middle East

Assessing distribution patterns of valuable taxa plays an important role in the biodiversity conservation of these taxa. The genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) comprises about 100 species that are distributed mainly in the Mediterranean region and western Asia. The present study purposed to assess the distribution patterns of Iranian Crocus species (including C. sativus L. and 8 wild species) and their conservation status in Iran as one of diversity centers of Crocus in the Middle East. A set of geographic distribution data was compiled through field studies, and reviews of herbarium specimens, iNaturalist, and various Flora. Localities were marked on geo-referenced maps (1/106) of Iran using ArcView version 3.2 (Esri, 2000). The distribution patterns of the taxa were mapped per 0.25° × 0.25° universal transverse Mercator grid cells (25 km2 with the exception of boundary area). Based on the species distribution (SDI) (33%) and species specialization (SSI) (44%) indices, those Iranian Crocus species that are threatened are mainly distributed in Irano-Turanian region. The mountainous ecosystems of Almeh and Western Alborz are important distribution centers of these taxa. Iranian Crocus species with SSI < 0.5 (C. almehensis, C. gilanicus, C. michelsonii, and C. caspius) have the highest conservation value.

Spatial Measurements on USGS Topo Maps

United States Geological Survey topographic maps provide a variety of geospatial measurement tools thanks to their built-in georeferencing capabilities. Georeferencing facilitates display of geographic coordinates and measurement of distances, perimeters, and areas on PDFs using the measure tools built into Adobe Reader and Adobe Acrobat. This 7-page fact sheet written by Hartwig H. Hochmair and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation explains and showcases the use of these geospatial readout functions. It also provides background information about and assistance with estimating point coordinates on the Universal Transverse Mercator grid cast on USGS topographic maps as an optional layer.

HELMERT TRANSFORMATION ON THE CASE OF GAUSS-KRÜGER AND UTM

Globally, maps are our primary source of comprehensive information about the shape, size and arrangement of Earth features. Maps are the only way we can get a unique and comprehensive view of the world. Unfortunately, globally, all maps are somehow deformed, affecting our perception and understanding of the various geometrical properties of the world. Cartographic projection is a way of mapping points from an ellipsoid to a plane and as such is the basis for making a mathematical map basis. The two projections most used in our geospatial are the Gauss-Krüger projection and the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) projection. The paper deals with Helmert's transformation of these two projections.

Penetapan Potensi Sumber Air Pada Lahan Kampus 2 Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh Jorong Batu Kabau Nagari Sitanang

Sumber air saat ini mengalami banyak penurunan, baik kuantitas maupun kualitas, karena ada banyak fungsi konversi lahan dari hutan ke pertanian, terutama di perbukitan dan daerah tangkapan. Agar pemanfaatan air dapat dilakukan secara berkelanjutan sambil tetap memperhatikan kemungkinan ketersediaan dan perubahan yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari pemanfaatannya, maka perlu perencanaan dasar untuk pengembangannya. Oleh karena itu, sebagai alat pendukung, panduan teknis diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi potensi air. Studi potensi mata air dilakukan oleh beberapa pendekatan, yaitu dengan lokasi geohidrology, debit musim semi, analisis tritium, analisis 18o, dan deuterium dan analisis kimia air yang menyediakan data dan informasi pelengkap (Purwitasari, 2006). Dalam penelitian ini kami melakukan lokasi geohidrologi dan pegas debit. Alat dan bahan yang digunakan adalah: Contour maps, GPS, Pharsall Flume. Sesuai dengan hasil penelitian, deskripsi dari diskusi dan tujuan dari sumber penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai berikut: 1. Di bidang pengambilan data diperoleh + 145 titik koordinat, dimana titik ini akan digunakan dalam penentuan dari batas-batas dan konstruksi garis kontur yang dipetakan, 2. Sumber air potensial dalam format Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) X 0696719, Y 9969672. Dalam bentuk data Geografis (00 16 '27, 32'' dan 1000 46 '3.36' ') 3. Aliran perangkat flume pembuangan air adalah 0,36 cm3 / detik.

Penentuan Lokasi Lumbung Pangan Berdasarkan Gravity Location Models dengan Koordinat UTM di Provinsi Maluku Utara

Salah satu usaha pemerintah dalam menyejahterakan masyarakat yaitu memenuhi kebutuhan pangan masyarakatnya. Pengendalian dalam penyediaan bahan pangan sangat diperlukan untuk dapat membantu dalam mengontrol distribusi bahan pangan. Dalam pengendalian penyediaan bahan pangan digunakan Gravity Location Models (GLM). GLM pada penelitian ini digunakan untuk menentukan suatu gudang yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara sumber-sumber pasokan dan beberapa lokasi sehingga dapat meminimalisasi biaya transportasi. Lokasi suatu gudang tersebut menggunakan koordinat geografis yang akan ditransformasikan ke koordinat UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator). Penelitian ini menggunakan data koordinat geografis pada Google Maps dan data jumlah penduduk, padi, jagung, dan ubi kayu Provinsi Maluku Utara Tahun 2014. Pengolahan data dilakukan secara manual dan menggunakan metode grid untuk mencari koordinat lokasi gudang atau lumbung pangan. Hasil dari perhitungan menggunakan (1) rumus dan (2) metode grid adalah koordinat lokasi lumbung pangan yang memiliki biaya transportasi minimum di Provinsi Maluku Utara yaitu terletak pada Kabupaten Halmahera Timur.

Distribution, phenology and host plants of Danish bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Based on the examination of 47.629 specimens of bees from Denmark (54.6ºN to 57.8ºN) we summarize for the first time the distribution, phenology and host-plants for all 286 known species occurring in the country. The mapped occurrence records distinguish whether species are found only in 1974 or earlier, 1975 or later, or in both periods. Danish bees are recorded active from February 29 through October 21 and have been collected in 79% of the 10x10 km Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares covering the country; seven UTM squares have over 100 reported species. Some UTM squares are poorly sampled, including less than five species recorded from 31% of the sampled squares. In addition bees are recorded from 282 different plants representing 50 families with the majority of observations from Asteraceae and Fabaceae (Leguminosae). The data, compiled from all major bee collections in the country, will provide policy makers and scientists a tool for establishing strategies for pollinator conservation and further research.