Analysis of Performance, Emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder VCR engine when run on blends of 1-octanol and Diesel

Phenomenal Changes are taking place in the world. The energy consumption of the country has grown many folds over the past few years, thereby putting pressure on the fossil fuel reserves. Though, recently due to COVID-19, the price of crude oil has fallen since few months but it would again rise which would lead to heavy expenditure over imports of crude petroleum. Also the fossil fuels increase the problem of global warming and carbon emissions. Alternate fuel such as alcohols poses a sustainable alternative solution of the problem. In the present investigation, Blends of 1-octanol are formed with neat diesel i.e. OC-5, OC-10, OC-15 & OC-20 and analyzed for efficiency, fuel economy and effluents of the single cylinder variable compression ratio engine. It was perceived that there was increment in viscosity of the blends containing n-octanol while the heating value lowered by increasing the absorption of 1-octanol. The peak BTE and lowest fuel consumption was found to be with blend containing 20% 1-octanol. Lower CO and UBHC emissions were reported with the addition of 1-octanol in the different blends formed.

Certain investigation on RC aircraft engine to identify the suitability of Methanol and Castor oil Alternative fuel

In the current age drones are broadly utilized for different applications in pretty much every field. Because of the disturbing expense of the glow fuel utilized in the RC motors, utilization of the equivalent includes a ton of capital. Adding to it, the current fuel brings about intermittent combustion is in demand of alternate fuel. This paper manages the investigation of existing fuel synthesis and discovering the cost required to dispose of the high capital included, so that considerably more tests and study utilizing the RC Engines 2.5 cc can be completed easily. Methanol and Castor oil Combination is considered as an alternate fuel. The approach includes testing of the fuel to decipher the substance parts and their individual pieces through a progression of tests. Followed by the study of possible additives to enhance the performance of the engine without actually altering the timing intervals. The new creation of the fuel showed up is blended in with extraordinary hardware and the equivalent is tried for essential fuel properties viz., Density, Flash point, Fire point, Calorific value, and so forth The productivity arrangement is made utilizing a pulley instrument and the equivalent is tried for both the energizes. Performance of the R/C aircraft engine was tested with existing glow fuel and the new blend. Results are compared and concluded that the designed blend is a potent alternate fuel for R/C aircraft engines. *Future scope: It can be further tested for its SFC and emission standards. The outcome shows that the new fuel is exceptionally cost productive and the essential substance properties are profoundly improved.

Actions Speak Louder than Words: Investigating the Interplay between Descriptive and Injunctive Norms to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Environmental problems are escalating. Alternate fuel vehicles are a technologically viable solution to curb transport-related pollution and greenhouse gas emissions that cause environmental problems. Based on the theory of norms-driven behavior, this study explains how the underlying facets of subjective social norms (injunctive and descriptive) are linked with personal norms (integrated and introjected) and how this linkage leads to eco-socially conscious consumer behavior related to the choice and use of personal cars. Data were collected from 687 automobile customers from eight large cities in Pakistan. The partial least squares structural equation modeling approach was employed to test the hypothesized relationships of the study. The results showed that subjective norms are positively associated with personal norms, and both together lead to eco-socially conscious consumers’ behavior related to the choice and use of personal cars. Implications for marketers are suggested to promote alternate fuel vehicles and the eco-social use of personal cars.

Metabolic and Proteomic Defects in Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Rationale: Impaired cardiac energetics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is thought to result from increased ATP utilization at the sarcomere and is believed to be central to pathophysiology. However, the precise defects in cardiac metabolism and substrate availability in human HCM have not been defined. Objective: The purpose of this study is to define major disease pathways and determine the pool sizes of intermediary metabolites in human HCM. Methods and Results: We conducted paired proteomic and metabolomic analyses of septal myectomy samples from patients with HCM and compared results to non-failing control human hearts. Increased abundance of extracellular matrix and intermediate filament / Z-disc proteins, and decreased abundance of proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation and cardiac energetics was evident in HCM compared to controls. Acyl carnitines, byproducts of fatty acid oxidation, were markedly depleted in HCM samples. Conversely, the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, and the 3 branched chain amino acids, were all significantly increased in HCM hearts, suggesting that they may serve as alternate fuel sources for the production of ATP. ATP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), NADP and NADPH, and acetyl CoA were also severely depleted in HCM hearts. Based on measurements from human skinned muscle fibers, the magnitude of observed reduction in ATP content in the HCM hearts would be expected to decrease the rate of cross-bridge detachment, implying a direct effect of energy depletion on myofilament function that could contribute to diastolic dysfunction. Conclusions: HCM hearts display profound deficits in cardiac energetics, marked by depletion of fatty acid derivatives and compensatory increases in other metabolites that could serve as alternate fuel sources. These results lend support to the paradigm that energy depletion contributes to the pathophysiology of HCM and also have important therapeutic implications for the future design of metabolic modulators to treat HCM.

ANN Prediction of Performance and Emissions of CI Engine Using Biogas Flow Variation

Compression ignition (CI) engines are popular in the transport sector because of their high compression ratio. However, in recent years, it has become a major concern from an environmental point of view because of the emission and depleting fossil fuel. The advanced combustion concept has been a popular research topic in the CI engine. Low-temperature combustion with alternate fuel has helped in reducing the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emission of the engine. Biogas is a popular substitute of energy especially deduced from biomass because of its clean combustion properties, as well it being a renewable energy source compared to non-renewable diesel resources. In experiments with dual fuel, i.e., conventional diesel and alternate fuel (biogas) were carried out through them. In the present study, an artificial neural network model was used to estimate emissions and check the attributes of performance. Different algorithms and training functions were used to train the models. However, the best training algorithm was Levenberge Marquardt and the training function was Tansig (Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid) and Logsig (logarithmic sigmoid), which showed the best result with regression coefficient (R > 0.98) and Mean square error (MSE < 0.001). The best model was trained by evaluating MSE and regression coefficient. Experimental results and artificial neural network (ANN) prediction showed that the experimental results were similar to each other and lie at the same intervals. The ANN model helped in predicting experimental data that were earlier difficult to experimentally perform using interpolation and extrapolations. It was observed that there was an increase in Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) and a decrease in Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with improved biogas flow rate and reduced NOx emission in the combustion chamber. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions increase linearly with the increase in biogas flow rate, whereas smoke opacity decreases. It could be concluded that this study helps in understanding the effect of dual fuel (diesel-biogas) combustion under different load conditions of the engine with the help of ANN, which could be a substitute fuel and help to protect the environment.