scholarly journals Certain investigation on RC aircraft engine to identify the suitability of Methanol and Castor oil Alternative fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 850 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
S Yuvaraj ◽  
C J Thomas Renald ◽  
A P Senthil Kumar ◽  
K Sadesh ◽  
D Naveen Promoth
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
New Creation ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Fire Point ◽  
Alternate Fuel ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In the current age drones are broadly utilized for different applications in pretty much every field. Because of the disturbing expense of the glow fuel utilized in the RC motors, utilization of the equivalent includes a ton of capital. Adding to it, the current fuel brings about intermittent combustion is in demand of alternate fuel. This paper manages the investigation of existing fuel synthesis and discovering the cost required to dispose of the high capital included, so that considerably more tests and study utilizing the RC Engines 2.5 cc can be completed easily. Methanol and Castor oil Combination is considered as an alternate fuel. The approach includes testing of the fuel to decipher the substance parts and their individual pieces through a progression of tests. Followed by the study of possible additives to enhance the performance of the engine without actually altering the timing intervals. The new creation of the fuel showed up is blended in with extraordinary hardware and the equivalent is tried for essential fuel properties viz., Density, Flash point, Fire point, Calorific value, and so forth The productivity arrangement is made utilizing a pulley instrument and the equivalent is tried for both the energizes. Performance of the R/C aircraft engine was tested with existing glow fuel and the new blend. Results are compared and concluded that the designed blend is a potent alternate fuel for R/C aircraft engines. *Future scope: It can be further tested for its SFC and emission standards. The outcome shows that the new fuel is exceptionally cost productive and the essential substance properties are profoundly improved.

Influence of Ethanol and Di-Ethyl Ether Addition on Fuel Properties of Sunflower Oil Methyl Ester

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 736-740
Author(s):  
P. Maran ◽  
K. Arumugam
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Ether ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Fire Point ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Alternate Fuels

Ever increasing cost of petroleum products demands more research in the area of new and alternate energy including solar, wind, biofuel and hybrid energy systems. Vegetable oil methyl ester is one of the promising alternate fuels that can be used as a substitute for diesel in the countries that are cultivating more agricultural products. In the present work, the analysis of physical properties such as calorific value, viscosity, flash and fire point temperatures of Sunflower oil methyl Ester have been made. The sunflower methyl ester has been prepared by transesterification process from pure sunflower oil in the presence of methanol and NaOH. Further, property enhancement of sunflower oil methyl ester has also been made by adding different additives such as ethanol and Di-Ethyl Ether in various proportions. Sunflower oil Methyl Ester (SME) with 1%, 3%, 5% ethanol or Di-Ethyl Ether and mixture of (Ethanol and DI-Ethyl Ether) has been analysed for the fuel properties. The investigation shows that the flash and fire point temperatures and viscosity of sunflower methyl ester decrease with increasing the additives. The calorific value of 20 percent biodiesel blend (B20) of SME with 5% Ethanol additive is very close to that of diesel.

Three-dimensional predator–prey interactions: a computer simulation of bird flocks and aircraft

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2624-2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Major ◽  
Lawrence M. Dill ◽  
David M. Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Computer Simulation Techniques ◽  
Individual Prey

Three-dimensional interactions between grouped aerial predators (frontal discs of aircraft engines), either linearly arrayed or clustered, and flocks of small birds were studied using interactive computer simulation techniques. Each predator modelled was orders of magnitude larger than an individual prey, but the prey flock was larger than each predator. Expected numbers of individual prey captured from flocks were determined for various predator speeds and trajectories, flock–predator initial distances and angles, and flock sizes, shapes, densities, trajectories, and speeds. Generally, larger predators and clustered predators caught more prey. The simulation techniques employed in this study may also prove useful in studies of predator–prey interactions between schools or swarms of small aquatic prey species and their much larger vertebrate predators, such as mysticete cetaceans.The study also provides a method to study problems associated with turbine aircraft engine damage caused by the ingestion of small flocking birds, as well as net sampling of organisms in open aquatic environments.

The Effect of Mixing Coal with Biomass in Solid Fuel Briquettes

2013 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Yee Sing ◽  
Mohd Shiraz Aris
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Burning fossil fuel like coal in power plants released carbon dioxide that had been absorbed millions of years ago. Unfortunately, excessive carbon dioxide emission had led to global warming. Malaysia, as one of the major exporters of palm oil, has abundant oil palm mill residues that could be converted into value-added product like biomass fuel briquettes. Fuel briquette with palm kernel shell and palm mesocarp fibre as its main ingredients showed satisfactory fuel characteristics and mechanical properties as a pure biomass fuel briquette. The effects of adding some coal of higher calorific value to the satisfactory biomass fuel briquette were focused in this study. Various coal-biomass fuel blends were used, ranging from 0wt% coal to 50wt% coal. The fuel properties and mechanical properties of pure biomass briquette and briquettes with different amount of coal added were compared experimentally. From the fuel properties tests, it was found that as the coal content in the briquette was increased, the carbon content and calorific value increased. Mechanical property tests on the fuel briquettes showed a mixture of results, with some favored higher portion of coal in the briquette for better handling, transport and storage properties while some favored greater amount of biomass.

Impact Test for the Leading Edge of CMC Vane Based on Actual Aircraft Engine Field Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenro Obuchi ◽  
Fumiaki Watanabe ◽  
Hiroshi Kuroki ◽  
Hiroyuki Yagi ◽  
Kazuyoshi Arai
Keyword(s):  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Turbine Vanes ◽  
Turbine Vane ◽  
Nickel Based Alloy ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
The Impact

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have lower density and a higher service temperature limit than nickel based alloys which have been used for turbine components of aircraft engines. These properties of CMCs have the potential to reduce the weight of turbine components and improve turbine thermal efficiency with a higher turbine inlet temperature (TIT). One of the technical issues of the CMC turbine vane is a relatively lower impact resistance than nickel based alloy turbine vanes. There are various previous works about impact resistance of CMCs, but there is little work that assumed actual engine conditions. The objective of this work was to verify the resistance of SiC/SiC CMC turbine vane to the impact phenomena that occur in the actual aircraft engine. The field damage survey was conducted on actual metal turbine vanes of commercial engines overhauled in IHI. The survey made it clear that the typical damage was less-than-0.127-mm-dent at the leading edge. In addition, the dropped weight impact test using the actual turbine airfoil which is made from a nickel based alloy was conducted at ambient temperature. The amount of energy required to make the dent of a certain size that was observed in actual metal turbine vanes was estimated. Then, the dropped weight impact test using the CMC test piece with a leading edge shape was conducted at the impact energy estimated by the metal turbine airfoil. The results showed that the failure mode of the CMC test piece was local damage with dents of a certain size and not a catastrophic failure mode. From this work, the damage to be assumed on CMC vane in actual aircraft engines was identified. As a future task, the effect of the damage to the fatigue capability of CMC turbine vanes needs to be investigated.

LPV Based Sliding Mode Control for Limit Protection of Aircraft Engines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubo Yang ◽  
Xi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Gain Scheduling ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Sliding Surface ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Limit Protection ◽  
The Stability

Limit protection, which frequently exists as an auxiliary part in control systems, is not the primary motive of control but is a necessary guarantee of safety. As in the case of aircraft engine control, the main objective is to provide the desired thrust based on the position of the throttle; nevertheless, limit protection is indispensable to keep the engine operating within limits. There are plenty of candidates that can be applied to design the regulators for limit protection. PID control with gain-scheduling technique has been used for decades in the aerospace industry. This classic approach suggests linearizing the original nonlinear model at different power-level points, developing PID controllers correspondingly, and then scheduling the linear time-invariant (LTI) controllers according to system states. Sliding mode control (SMC) is well-known with mature theories and numerous successful applications. With the one-sided convergence property, SMC is especially suitable for limit protection tasks. In the case of aircraft engine control, SMC regulators have been developed to supplant traditional linear regulators, where SMC can strictly keep relevant outputs within their limits and improve the control performance. In aircraft engine control field, we all know that the plant is a nonlinear system. However, the present design of the sliding controller is carried out with linear models, which severely restricts the valid scope of the controller. Even if the gain scheduling technique is adopted, the stability of the whole systems cannot be theoretically proved. Research of linear parameter varying (LPV) system throws light on a class of nonlinear control problems. In present works, we propose a controller design method based on the LPV model to solve the engines control problem and achieve considerable effectiveness. In this paper, we discuss the design of a sliding controller for limit protection task of aircraft engines, the plant of which is described as an LPV system instead of LTI models. We define the sliding surface as tracking errors and, with the aid of vertex property, present the stability analysis of the closed-loop system on the sliding surface. An SMC law is designed to guarantee that the closed-loop system is globally attracted to the sliding surface. Hot day (ISA+30° C) takeoff simulations based on a reliable turbofan model are presented, which test the proposed method for temperature protection and verify its stability and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil and Its Application in Diesel Engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ismail ◽  
S. A Abu ◽  
R Rezaur ◽  
H Sinin
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Transesterification Method ◽  
Optimum Production

In this study, the optimum biodiesel conversion from crude castor oil to castor biodiesel (CB) through transesterification method was investigated. The base catalyzed transesterification under different reactant proportion such as the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and mass ratio of catalyst to oil was studied for optimum production of castor biodiesel. The optimum condition for base catalyzed transesterification of castor oil was determined to be 1:4.5 of oil to methanol ratio and 0.005:1 of potassium hydroxide to oil ratio. The fuel properties of the produced CB such as the calorific value, flash point and density were analyzed and compared to conventional diesel. Diesel engine performance and emission test on different CB blends proved that CB was suitable to be used as diesel blends. CB was also proved to have lower emission compared to conventional diesel.

scholarly journals Efficient central heating and modern heat sources

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Monika Pawlita
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Family House

Background: The methods of heating houses with system components determine the energy-saving systems. Energy-saving solutions allow to maintain comfortable conditions in the house, while minimizing the cost associated with its operation and at the same time helping to protect natural environment. The examples of such solutions include condensing boilers, heat pumps and solar collectors.Material and methods: The object of the analysis in this paper is typical single-family house occupying the area of 150 m². The comparison of analyzed heating system for a single-family house, including modern energy sources, allows the assessment of the most cost-effective method of heating. Results: Choosing rational method of heating for a single-family house is dictated mainly by economic reasons. The efficiency of the heating sources is also very important. In addition, an important factor is a heating period, which depends on the weather conditions in a given year.Conclusions: The costs of fuel/energy are still growing. Fuel selection is determined mainly by fuel calorific value and the price. To select the type of the heating source one must take into account the cost of kWh of heat.

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