Comparison Of Acetic Acid With As Formiic Acid Latex Pump Material

Research on the comparison of acetic acid and formic acid as a latex coagulant has been carried out. To the latex coconut shell charcoal (particle size 80 mesh) was added to the weight of 42 grams then the latex was coagulated with acetic acid and formic acid with a pH of 4.7. As a research, the quality of rubber was carried out by measuring the initial plasticity, plasticity retention index and viscosity of rubber mooney. Finally, latex coagulated with acetic acid produced a better rubber than latex coagulated with formic aci).

Mooney Viscosity Determination Of Rubber With A Charm Filler

Research on the Determination of Viscosity Mooney From Rubber by Fillers Charcoal has been done. Each latex was added into the coconut shell charcoal ( particle size 80 mesh ) were 36 , 38 , 40 , 42, and 44 gram. Then the latex is coagulated with formic acid in pH 4.7. Formic acid is used as a control for the rubber crumple without the addition of coconut shell. Research carried out by measuring the quality of rubber Money Viscosity. From the results of research it turns out that the value of the viscosity of the money obtained by the addition of charcoal to the rubber in the latex is 72.5 ; 74 ; 75.5 ; 77 ; and 75. It can be seen that the value of the best rubber Mooney viscosity of 75 , so the rubber with medium Mooney viscosity value able to provide a meeting point between the energy efficient with superior physical properties .

ADSORPTION OF Zn AND Pb METAL IN PRINTING WASTE OF PT. GRAFIKA WANGI KALIMANTAN USING CORN COBS CHARCOAL AS ADSORBENT

Heavy metals produced from several industrial processes cause many environmental problems. Efforts made to overcome this heavy metal pollution include adsorption methods. Agricultural by-products have the potential as an adsorbent, one of which is corn cobs. In this study, corncobs were used as Pb and Zn adsorbents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of particle size and stirring speed in the process of Zn and Pb metal absorption using activated charcoal. Adsorption was done by mixing 100 mL waste of PT. Grafika Wangi Kalimantan with 10 grams of activated charcoal measuring 355 micron, 500 micron and 710 micron. Each mixture is stirred for 15 minutes at speeds of 30, 60, 90, and 120 rpm and then allowed to stand for 3 hours. Analysis of the absorbed Zn and Pb metal content was carried out using a spectrophotometer at adjusted wavelengths. The greater the stirring speed, and the small size of the active charcoal particle used, decrease of Zn and Pb levels is increasing due to the better absorption of adsorbate by the adsorbent. The biggest decrease in Zn and Pb levels was seen at a stirring speed of 90 rpm and the active charcoal particle size of 355 microns where the Zn and Pb parameters contained in the sample were <0.01 mg / L.

Fires and volcanic activity: History of fire in the Mexico basin during late Pleistocene based on carbonized material records in the Chalco lake

Forest fires, considered as free and not programmed fire propagation, are perturbations that greatly alter ecosystems. During fires, variable quantities of charcoal particles are produced by the burning vegetation, which can be later deposited in lacustrine basins. The traditional charcoal size particle model associates the > 100 µm primary particles to local fire events, within the watershed, and the < 100 µm particles are linked to regional fire events, outside the watershed. Fires can be related with favorable climatic conditions, but in tectonically active areas like the basin of Mexico, volcanism can also be a factor producing fires and charcoal particles. We document the history, intensity and frequency of fires recorded in the lacustrine sediments of lake Chalco (core CHAVII-11), by performing a high-resolution charcoal particle analysis in sediments deposited before and after three main volcanic events. The sources of these events had different distances to lake Chalco: Tláhuac tephra (TTH; 28690 years cal BP), probably produced by the Teuhtli volcano, was a local event; the Tutti Frutti Pumice (PTF; 17000 years cal BP) produced by the Popocatépetl volcano, was an extra-local event and the Upper Toluca Pumice (PTS; 12300 years cal BP) produced by the Nevado de Toluca volcano, was a regional event. Charcoal accumulation rates (CHAR) and distribution of size particles indicate that paleoclimate was a direct factor defining the intensity and recurrence of fires before and after volcanic activity, as climate defines vegetation type and density, and therefore fuel availability. Fires before and after the TTH were frequent, local and intense in comparison with fires reconstructed before or after the PTF and PTS events. CHAR values were lower during the more widespread PTF event, than for the local TTH event, although the highest CHAR values were recorded for the most distant, regional, and intense PTS event. These results show that charcoal accumulation rates during the volcanic events in central Mexico cannot be interpreted following traditional model of charcoal particle dispersion. This model have important restrictions in active volcanic regions such as central Mexico.

A usage-based size classification scheme for sedimentary charcoal

Terms referring to charcoal particle size classifications are inconsistent in the paleofire literature. Inconsistencies of terminology prevent effective scientific discourse and research comparability. In this paper, I use the Global Charcoal Database (GCD) to determine the relative usage of sieving size boundaries and use these metadata as a proxy for the consensus of the paleofire community. With consideration of the size classification bounds used in other fields, I propose a standardized size classification system and terminology for charcoal particles. This system consists of macroscopic (>125 μm), mesoscopic (50–125 μm), and microscopic (10–50 μm) charcoal particles and aims to unify paleofire jargon by conforming to the terminology and most commonly used size bounds in the community.

Fossil charcoal quantification using manual and image analysis approaches

Charcoal particles are evidence of past fire events and macro-charcoal particles have been shown to represent local fire events. There are several methods for the preparation and quantification of macro-charcoal particles, none of which have been universally accepted as standard. Very few studies compare methodological differences and no studies to date compare quantification by mass with quantification by volume using image analysis. Using three cores taken from a peatland located in SE Norway, we compare these two established methods using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and a split-plot ANOVA test. We show that charcoal volume (image analysis method) was a better predictor of charcoal mass than charcoal particle number and the same size classes of charcoal as size class distributions were not spatially and temporally correlated. Although there is still a need for a common and unifying method, our results show that quantification of charcoal particles by image analysis including size (e.g. height in mm) and area (mm2)/volume (mm3) measurements provides more significant results in cross-site or multiple-site studies than quantifications based on particle number. This has implications for the interpretation of charcoal data from regional studies that are used to model drivers of wildfire activity and environmental change in boreal–temperate landscapes during the Holocene.