INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE OF RICE HUSK ASH AS ADSORBENT FOR MERCURY IN COLUMN ADSORPTION SYSTEM

The presence of heavy metal mercury (Hg2+) in liquid waste has caused serious problems to environmental pollution. One of the most effective method to reduce the levels of heavy metals mercury (Hg2+) in liquid waste is adsorption. Rice husk ash is highly potential to adsorb heavy metals in water because it is a porous material with a high silica content. Therefore, rice husk ash can be used as an adsorbent for heavy metals in liquid waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of mercury (Hg2+) that can be adsorbed from the column adsorption process using adsorbent of rice husk ash and to determine the optimum mass of rice husk ash as an adsorbent. The research was conducted using a series of simple adsorption column tools with a circulation time of 120 minutes. While the independent variables were adsorbent particle size of 50, 100, and 200 mesh. Measurement of mercury (Hg2+) levels was carried out on samples before and after treatment with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed a significant decrease in Hg2+ levels with the optimum adsorbent particle size of 200 mesh. The value of the adsorbed Hg2+ ion content reached 101.670 mg/L in the adsorption process using adsorbent with 200 mesh particle size .

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND BLENDING RATIO TO PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION OF CO-PYROLYSIS LIGNITE AND PALM KERNEL SHELL

Adanya isu krisis energi dan masalah lingkungan akibat limbah mendorong terciptanya bahan bakar baru dari bahan terbarukan seperti limbah biomassa cangkang kelapa sawit (CKS). Di sisi lain, batubara kualitas rendah (lignit) memiliki nilai ekonomi yang rendah sehingga perlu ditingkatkan agar dapat digunakan lebih luas. Pemanfaatan lignit dan CKS dapat menghasilkan produk padat (char) berupa batubara hibrida melalui proses co-pyrolysis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan temperatur dan komposisi optimum co-pyrolysis lignit dan CKS berdasarkan distribusi produk yang dihasilkan. Lignit dikeringkan dan dihaluskan hingga ukuran partikel 20-50 mesh. CKS dibersihkan, dipotong-potong dan diayak hingga berukuran 0,4-2 mm. Selanjutnya CKS dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada 105oC selama 24 jam. Lignit dan CKS dicampur dengan komposisi 15%, 22,5%, dan 30% berat CKS:lignit. Campuran bahan dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor co-pyrolysis sebanyak 200 gram. Proses co-pyrolysis dijalankan pada suhu 200ºC, 300ºC, dan 400ºC selama 1 jam dengan mengalirkan gas nitrogen ke dalam reaktor dengan kecepatan alir 1,5 L/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan rasio pencampuran CKS:lignit dan temperatur co-pyrolysis akan meningkatkan yield tar sementara yield char menurun. Ditinjau dari yield tar terbesar, temperatur optimum co-pyrolysis adalah 400oC pada rasio pencampuran optimum 15%, sedangkan 200oC dan 22,5% merupakan temperatur co-pyrolysis dan rasio pencampuran optimum untuk memperoleh yield char terbesar. Baik tar dan char produk co-pyrolysis ini dapat menjadi salah satu sumber energi alternatif dengan pengolahan lebih lanjut. Kata kunci: batubara hibrida, cangkang kelapa sawit, lignit, co-pyrolysis

KINETIC STUDIES OF Cu ADSORPTION FROM SASIRANGAN LIQUID WASTE USING RICE HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON

The industry of sasirangan – traditional fabric of Banjar Tribe – has been one of prime commodities of South Kalimantan. The coloring process in sasirangan production used a lot of chemical elements containing heavy metals and its waste potentially pollute the environment. One of the heavy metal waste contained is copper (Cu) which is toxic to aquatic organisms and humans. The treatment for sasirangan liquid waste can be done by adsorption process using activated carbon as adsorbent. This study aims to determine the appropriate kinetic model for adsorption of Cu metal from sasirangan liquid waste using activated carbon adsorbent made from rice husks.The process was conducted by batch system with chemical and physical activation. Chemical activation was done by soaking the activated carbon of rice husk with HCl solution for 24 hours. While physical activation was carried out by burning in a furnace at 500̊C for 2 hours. The adsorption treatment was given on sasirangan waste samples with variations on contact time (30, 60 and 120 minutes). The results of kinetics study showed that the adsorption process of Cu from sasirangan liquid waste onto rice husk activated carbon adsorbent followed first-order reaction kinetics with a correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.96 and adsorption rate constant (k1) of 0.0044 min-1.

THE SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) IN INDONESIA: CASE STUDI COMMUNAL WWTP IN SLEMAN REGENCY, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

Wastewater contains pollutants that can disturb the balance of the ecosystem in the form of health problems, water quality degradation and others. According to Said, (2008) the problem experienced in almost all cities in Indonesia is wastewater pollution. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of conditions and performance values, factors that influence the conditions and performance of Communal WWTPs in Sleman Regency Yogyakarta. The method used in this study is an interview with the help of guidelines to respondents who have been determined. The location of the sample collection was determined by the stratified random sampling method based on the District and Village for the decision of data collection at 30 Communal WWTPs of Sleman Regency. The results of the interview are processed by the Likert scoring method and then drawn with the Radar Chart. The factors that influence the conditions and performance of Communal WWTPs are then obtained from the ranking of the criteria for the conditions and performance of Communal WWTPs that have been calculated. The results showed that overall Communal WWTPs in Sleman Regency had conditions and performance with a value of 2.98 which was included in the interval of value 3 with a fairly good category. This value consists of the value of the technical aspect of 3.52 with a very good category, the value of the environmental aspect of 2.94 with a fairly good category, and the value of the socio-economic aspect of 2.48 with a rather poor category. Factors that influence the condition and performance of Communal WWTPs in Sleman Regency whose value is still less than expected are the maintenance of facilities with a value of 2.27, the load of wastewater with a value of 2.43, the institutional value of 2.47, and the management performance monitoring program with a value of 2.50 which falls into the rather poor value category.

USE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AS BIOADSORBENT ACTIVATOR OF KETAPANG LEAVES (Terminalia sp.) TO REDUCE RHODAMINE B CONTAMINANTS

Ketapang contains tannin and phenolic compounds which are known to absorb metals and pollutants in the air. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the biadsorbent from ketapang leaves (Terminalia sp.) on the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye without activation and with activation by 10% phosphoric acid. The study began with testing the variation of mass, time, and concentration of Rhodamine B by ketapang leaves. Then the adsorption process was carried out using a batch system and the concentration of the filtrate was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Followed by the isotherm analysis of Freundlich and Langmuir. The results showed that the bioadsorbent ability of ketapang leaves without activation or with activation by 10% H3PO4 in terms of mass variation, contact time, and Rhodamine B concentration were 300 mg, contact time was 90 & 120 minutes, and Rhodamine B concentration was 10 mg/l. - 30 mg/l. The maximum bioadsorbent capacity of ketapang leaves (Qm) without activation was 3.7037 mg/g, while that of ketapang leaves with phosphoric acid activation was 1.0673 mg/g. The adsorption model used by the ketapang leaf bioadsorbent is the Freundlich isotherm where the R2 value close to 1 is 0.9573.

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF BIODIESEL FROM KAPOK SEED OIL (Ceiba pentandra)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of KOH concentration and reaction time on the flash point and pour point of biodiesel from kapok seed oil. The biodiesel transesterification process is carried out in a batch reactor equipped with stirrer. The first step in this research is to reduce the free fatty acid content (esterification process). The second step is transesterification of biodiesel from kapok seed oil. The concentrations of KOH used in this research were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% by weight of the oil and the reaction time were 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 hours. The operating conditions used in this study were a temperature of 60 oC and a pressure of 4 bar. The results showed that the concentration of KOH and reaction time had a significant effect on the flash point and pour point of biodiesel. The best flash point and pour point were obtained at a concentration of 0.5% KOH and a reaction time of 1.5 hours, which were 163 oC and -8 oC.

PLANNING FOR WASTE COLLECTION AND STORAGE IN NGEPUNG VILLAGE, KEDAMEAN DISTRICT, GRESIK

Ngepung Village is a village located in the eastern part of Kedamean District, Gresik Regency with an area of 5.08 km2. Ngepung Village is divided into 3 Hamlets, 5 Rukun Warga (RW), and 14 Rukun Tetangga (RT) consisting of 3493 people. Waste management in Ngepung Village still uses the old paradigm, namely gathering-burning or gathering-wasting. The purpose of this study is to determine the existing condition of waste management in Ngepung Village and to plan waste collection and storage. The research method includes direct measurement of waste generation, interviews, observation and documentation. Determination of sampling using simple random sampling according to SNI 19-3964-1994. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive techniques. The results of the study stated that most of the residents of Ngepung Village used plastic bags as garbage containers. The average value of waste generation in Ngepung Village is 2.05 L/org.day or 0.31 kg/org.day. Meanwhile, the composition of waste is dominated by organic waste of 60.49%. The waste collection plan consists of 2 types of waste containers, namely organic and inorganic containers, with a housing waste container capacity of 25 liters per family, a 70 liter office waste container capacity, 100 liter pesantren waste containers, 30 liter schools, and 25 liter places of worship. Garbage collection is planned to be carried out every 3 days with 3 cycles using 5 units of three-wheeled motorized carts with a capacity of 1.25 m3.

QUALITY TEST AND PLANNING OF SLUDGE TREATMENT INSTALLATION OF WATER TREATMENT PDAM

Tujuan pada penilitian ini, untuk mengetahui kualitas dan perencanaan pengolahan lumpur instalasi pengolahan air PDAM. Metode yang digunakan mengenai tahapan pengampilan sampel yaitu dengan grab sampling, dan pengambilan dilakukan selama 8 hari. Pengambilan sampel lumpur dilkakukan pada pipa yang didiamkan mengalir selama 30 detik agar didapatkan debit konstan. Analisa untuk uji kualitas lumpur IPA PDAM dilakukan di laboratorium. Hasil dari penelitian mengenai uji kualitas pada pipa pembuangan lumpur pada unit sedimentasi. Data yang dibutuhkan meliputi data primer, dan sekunder. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengenai uji kualitas lumpur dari instalasi pengolahan air PDAM, memiliki nilai rata-rata pH 7,7, suhu 27°C, kekeruhan >1000 NTU hal ini dikarenakan kualitas air baku yang memiliki kandungana koloid tinggi. Total solid memiliki nilai rata-rata 281.772 mg/L, total suspended solid dengan nilai rata-rata 52.134 mg/L, COD memiliki nilai rata-rata 3.100 mg/L, dan BOD 3,96 mg/L dengan nilai ratarata . Debit rata-rata harian lumpur yang dihasilkan dari instalasi pengolahan air sebesar 145,773 m3/hari. Unit yang direncanakan sesuai dengan kualitas, dan volume yang diketahui maka direncanakan unit pengolahan lumpur meliputi bak pengumpul, gravity thickening, belt filter press, dan bak pengumpul dry cake. Anggaran biaya yang direncanakan untuk perencanaan pengolahan lumpur instalasi pengolahan air sesuai dengan unit yang diperlukan membutuhkan anggaran dana sebesar Rp. 1.037.900.00,00.

UTILIZATION ACTIVATED CHARCOAL OF HYACINTH AS PEAT WATER BIOFILTER USING ZnCl2 ACTIVATOR

Peat water is a type of water that does not meet the quality of clean water because it has a cloudy color, smells, tastes and low pH. One of the peat water repair technologies is to use activated charcoal to improve the quality of peat water. Water hyacinth has the potential to be used as activated charcoal because it has high levels of C-organic. Charcoal needs to be activated to open the pores, one of activator materials that can be used is ZnCl2. This study aims to determine the potential of water hyacinth activated charcoal to be used as a peat water biofilter, to determine the usefulness of ZnCl2 as a water hyacinth charcoal activator, and to determine the correct concentration of ZnCl­­2 activator for water hyacinth charcoal activation process. The research was conducted at the Production Laboratory of the Agroecotechnology Department, Animal Nutrition and Food Laboratory, Animal Husbandry Department, Agriculture Faculty, and Water Quality and Hydro-Bioecology Laboratory, Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, from December 2020-January 2021. This study used a completely randomly design (CRD) single factor that is difference in the concentration of ZnCl2 activator with 4 experimental units. Activated charcoal of water hyacinth can be used as a peat water biofilter as indicated by the parameters of turbidity, TDS, pH, temperature, taste and smells of water. ZnCl­2 can be used as an activator for charcoal of water hyacinth using the physic-chemical activation method. The correct concentration of activator is ZnCl2 30%.

IMPROVING BIO-OIL QUALITY VIA CO-PYROLYSIS EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AND POLYPROPILEN PLASTIC WASTE

The current consumption of fuel oil, especially gasoline and diesel oil, is increasing. Along with the decline in production, national oil production activities encourage efforts to find alternative fuels as a substitute for oil-based energy supplies. Bio-oil is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for diesel that can be used as fuel. In this study, the raw materials were palm oil empty bunches and polypropylene plastic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio of raw material for oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene, the effect of co-pyrolysis temperature on the yield of bio-oil and determine the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. This study used the variable ratio of oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene (100:0, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40) and co-pyrolysis temperature (400, 450, 500 and 550 °C). The results showed that the highest yield of bio-oil was obtained, namely 41.6% with a ratio of EFB: PP (80:20) at temperature of 450 °C. The characterization of the product obtained was density of 0.891 g/ml, viscosity of 4.18 cSt, pH of 3.38 and calorific value of 43.2 MJ/kg.