Fires and volcanic activity: History of fire in the Mexico basin during late Pleistocene based on carbonized material records in the Chalco lake

Forest fires, considered as free and not programmed fire propagation, are perturbations that greatly alter ecosystems. During fires, variable quantities of charcoal particles are produced by the burning vegetation, which can be later deposited in lacustrine basins. The traditional charcoal size particle model associates the > 100 µm primary particles to local fire events, within the watershed, and the < 100 µm particles are linked to regional fire events, outside the watershed. Fires can be related with favorable climatic conditions, but in tectonically active areas like the basin of Mexico, volcanism can also be a factor producing fires and charcoal particles. We document the history, intensity and frequency of fires recorded in the lacustrine sediments of lake Chalco (core CHAVII-11), by performing a high-resolution charcoal particle analysis in sediments deposited before and after three main volcanic events. The sources of these events had different distances to lake Chalco: Tláhuac tephra (TTH; 28690 years cal BP), probably produced by the Teuhtli volcano, was a local event; the Tutti Frutti Pumice (PTF; 17000 years cal BP) produced by the Popocatépetl volcano, was an extra-local event and the Upper Toluca Pumice (PTS; 12300 years cal BP) produced by the Nevado de Toluca volcano, was a regional event. Charcoal accumulation rates (CHAR) and distribution of size particles indicate that paleoclimate was a direct factor defining the intensity and recurrence of fires before and after volcanic activity, as climate defines vegetation type and density, and therefore fuel availability. Fires before and after the TTH were frequent, local and intense in comparison with fires reconstructed before or after the PTF and PTS events. CHAR values were lower during the more widespread PTF event, than for the local TTH event, although the highest CHAR values were recorded for the most distant, regional, and intense PTS event. These results show that charcoal accumulation rates during the volcanic events in central Mexico cannot be interpreted following traditional model of charcoal particle dispersion. This model have important restrictions in active volcanic regions such as central Mexico.

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Late Quaternary volcanic ash in the peatlands of central Alberta

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e89-017 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

S. C. Zoltai

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Ash ◽

Late Quaternary ◽

Middle Layer ◽

Accumulation Rates ◽

Peat Accumulation ◽

Peat Deposits ◽

Volcanic Events ◽

Before And After ◽

Aerial Deposition

Three distinct volcanic-ash layers were identified in peat deposits through visual, microscopic, and chemical means. These layers were related to known volcanic events through the 14C dating of 34 peat samples. The upper layer was probably Bridge River ash, deposited about 2350 years BP. The middle layer was possibly St. Helens Y tephra, deposited around 3400 years BP. The lower ash was related to Mazama tephra, deposited about 6600 years BP. Ash-enriched layers were formed in the accumulating peat as aerial deposition of tephra occurred, often for several hundred years before and after the presumed main eruption, as shown by 14C dates and peat accumulation rates. This implies periodic eruptions by the volcanoes, not all of which produced distinct ash layers in areas distant from the source. Redeposition from wind-eroded beds of Mazama ash during the dry postglacial climatic maximum is a possibility.

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Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoenvironments of Chalco Lake, Central Mexico

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1006/qres.1993.1086 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 332-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Maria Socorro Lozano-Garcı́a ◽

Beatriz Ortega-Guerrero ◽

Margarita Caballero-Miranda ◽

Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Activity ◽

Lake Level ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Late Quaternary ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Central Mexico ◽

Pollen Record ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

Southeastern Part ◽

Saline Marsh

AbstractIn order to establish paleoenvironmental conditions during the late Quaternary, four cores from the Basin of Mexico (central Mexico) were drilled in Chalco Lake, located in the southeastern part of the basin. The upper 8 m of two parallel cores were studied, using paleomagnetic, loss-on-ignition, pollen, and diatom analyses. Based on 11 14C ages, the analyzed record spans the last 19,000 14C yr B.P. Volcanic activity has affected microfossil abundances, both directly and indirectly, resulting in absence or reduction of pollen and diatom assemblages. Important volcanic activity took place between 19,000 and 15,000 yr B.P. when the lake was a shallow alkaline marsh and an increase of grassland pollen suggests a dry, cold climate. During this interval, abrupt environmental changes with increasing moisture occurred. From 15,000 until 12,500 yr B.P. the lake level increased and the pollen indicates wetter conditions. The highest lake level is registered from 12,500 to ca. 9000 yr B.P. The end of the Pleistocene is characterized by an increase in humidity. From 9000 until ca. 3000 yr B.P. Chalco Lake was a saline marsh and the pollen record indicates warmer conditions. After 3000 yr B.P. the lake level increased and human disturbance dominates the lacustrine record.

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Identification of land cover changes before and after forest and land fires in conservation areas of North Sumatra, Indonesia

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 912 (1) ◽

pp. 012026

Author(s):

A S Thoha ◽

N Sulistiyono ◽

N Saraswita ◽

D Wiranata ◽

S M Sirait ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Land Cover Changes ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Field Verification ◽

Before And After ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Wildlife Reserve ◽

North Sumatra

Abstract Damage to conservation areas in North Sumatra can be mitigated by understanding the pattern of land cover change, which can be performed by detecting hotspots and their temporal and spatial patterns. This study aimed to explore land cover spatially and temporally before and after forest fires in the conservation areas in North Sumatra. Data on the hotspots, satellite imagery, land cover maps, and field verification were used to see the transition of land cover changes before and after forest and land fires. Temporal and spatial analysis was employed to see the trend of land cover changes of the land before and after the fires. Field verification was conducted through observations and interviews related to land cover conditions in the field caused by forest and land fires. This study found three conservation areas with the highest number of hotspots in 2014 in the period 2001-2019, including Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), Dolok Surungan Wildlife Reserve, and Barumun Wildlife Reserve during the 2001-2019 period. In 2010 and 2014 there were strong indications of a large area of land burning in three conservation areas. The burned land was near the outer boundary of the conservation areas and continued to expand into the areas over time. The area of the non-forest cover was relatively stable between periods prior to the discovery of several hotspots. Changes in forest cover to non-forest have become more widespread after the highest number of hotspots were detected in 2010. Conservation area management and various parties need to prevent the expansion of forest clearing considering the strategic role especially in GNLP as a world heritage.

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Identification of Aerosol Sources in Siberia and Study of Aerosol Transport at Regional Scale by Airborne and Space-Borne Lidar Measurement

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/202023702014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 237 ◽

pp. 02014

Author(s):

Antonin Zabukovec ◽

Gérard Ancellet ◽

Jacques Pelon ◽

J.D. Paris ◽

Iogannes E. Penner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Fires ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Particle Dispersion ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Orthogonal Polarization ◽

Lidar Measurement ◽

Imaging Spectrometer ◽

Modis Aod ◽

Moderate Resolution

Airborne lidar measurements were carried out over Siberia in July 2013 and June 2017. Aerosol optical properties are derived using the Lagrangian FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) AOD. Comparison with Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol products is used to validate the CALIOP aerosol type identification above Siberia. Two case studies are discussed : a mixture of dust and pollution from Northern Kazakhstan and smoke plumes from forest fires. Comparisons with the CALIOP backscatter ratio show that CALIOP algorithm may overestimate the LR for a dusty mixture if not constrained by an independent AOD measurement.

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Thaw subsidence and frost heave caused by 2018-20 forest fires around Batagay: validation with multiple InSAR data and field observation

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14093 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kazuki Yanagiya ◽

Masato Furuya ◽

Go Iwahana ◽

Petr Danilov

Keyword(s):

Forest Fires ◽

Field Observation ◽

Ground Deformation ◽

Frost Heave ◽

The Arctic ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Daily Maximum Temperature ◽

Fire Scar ◽

Before And After ◽

Surface Vegetation

<p>The Arctic has experienced numerous fires in last year, and from June to August 2020, satellite data showed record carbon dioxide emissions from forest fires. Peatland in the Arctic contains large amounts of organic carbon, and their release into the atmosphere can create positive feedbacks for further increase of air temperature. In addition, forest fires burn the surface vegetation layer that has been acting as a heat insulator, which will accelerate the thawing of permafrost on scales of years to decades. Although the thaw depth can recover together with the recovery of surface vegetation, the massive segregated ice is not recoverable once it melted. Our study area is around the Batagay, Sakha Republic, Eastern Siberia. In June 2020, Verkhoyansk, located about 55 km west of Batagay, recorded the highest daily maximum temperature of 38.0 degrees Celcius. The Sentinel-2 optical satellite images showed a number of forest fires in 2019-20. We detected the surface deformation signals at each fire site with the remote-sensing method called InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar). Also, we conducted a field observation in September 2019 for validations: 1) installed a soil thermometer and soil moisture meter; 2) established a reference point for leveling and first survey; 3) measured the thawing depth with a frost probe.</p><p>&#160;For seasonal ground deformations immediately after the fire, we mainly analyzed Sentinel-1 images. Sentinel-1 is the ESA's C-band SAR satellite, which has a short imaging interval of 12 days. As the short wavelength, vegetation changes lost coherence, and some pairs failed to detect ground deformation signals immediately after the fire. However, after the end of September, we detected displacements toward the satellite line-of-sight direction at all the fire sites. It indicates uplift signals due presumably to frost heave at the fire scar. For long-term deformations over one year, we used ALOS2 imaged derived by JAXA's L band SAR satellite. In the previous studies in Alaska, the ground deformation signal immediately after a fire could not be detected due to the coherence loss in the pairs derived from pre-fire and post-fire SAR images. Indeed, we could not detect deformation signals at the fire scars from the June pairs derived before and after the fire. However, the January pairs and March pairs, both of which were acquired before and after the fire, showed relatively high coherence even in the fire scar and indicated clear subsidence signals by as much as 15 cm. We interpret that, because the studied Verkhoyansk Basin is very dry and has little snow cover, the microwaves could penetrate the snow layer, which allowed us to detect deformation signals even in winter. Yanagiya and Furuya (2020) validated the consistency of the winter uplift signal for the 2014 fire site. We also analyzed the SM1 high spatial resolution mode (3 m) ALOS2 InSAR to investigate the specific ground deformation at each fire site.</p>

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Land ownership transformation before and after forest fires in Indonesian palm oil plantation areas

Journal of Land Use Science ◽

10.1080/1747423x.2019.1614686 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 37-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eko Priyo Purnomo ◽

Rijal Ramdani ◽

Agustiyara ◽

Queenie Pearl V. Tomaro ◽

Gatot Supangkat Samidjo

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Land Ownership ◽

Before And After ◽

Ownership Transformation

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Tsunami and tephra deposits record interactions between past eruptive activity and landslides at Stromboli volcano, Italy

Geology ◽

10.1130/g47331.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 436-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marco Pistolesi ◽

Antonella Bertagnini ◽

Alessio Di Roberto ◽

Maurizio Ripepe ◽

Mauro Rosi

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Activity ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Global Scale ◽

Stromboli Volcano ◽

Close Link ◽

Flank Collapse ◽

Volcanic Events ◽

Volcanic Islands ◽

Volcaniclastic Deposits

Abstract Devastation associated with tsunamis is well known on the global scale. Flank collapse at volcanic islands is among the mechanisms triggering tsunamis, but very few examples document interaction between landslides and volcanic activity. The study of three well-preserved medieval tsunami deposits recently discovered along the coast of Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) enabled a detailed characterization of the tsunami sequences intercalated with volcaniclastic deposits and primary tephra and allowed reconstruction of the likely sequence of volcanic events. In one case, a violent explosion possibly preceded the tsunami, whereas in the youngest event, the lateral collapse of the volcano flank triggered a tsunami wave that was rapidly followed by sustained explosive magmatic activity and ensuing prolonged ash venting. The hypothesized tsunami-triggering dynamics suggests a close link between volcanic activity and flank collapse, further confirming that the persistent activity at Stromboli makes the volcano particularly susceptible to tsunami generation.

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