Typification of the name of the Scotch elm Ulmus glabra (Ulmaceae)

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Cryopreservation and Micropropagation Methods for Conservation of Genetic Resources of Ulmus laevis and Ulmus glabra

Elms are threatened by Dutch elm disease, and conservation methods are needed to protect their genetic diversity. Cryopreservation of dormant buds allows large numbers of genotypes to be conserved with small space requirements and minimal upkeep. Cryopreservation through slow controlled cooling was tested for both elm species native to Finland, Ulmus glabra and Ulmus laevis. Regeneration of the thawed buds by micropropagation was studied on different basal media and using different growth regulators. Multiple surface sterilisation methods were tried out for bud explants. The multiplication of U. glabra was investigated with Driver and Kuniyuki walnut medium with either 0.5 mg/L meta-topolin or 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine. Rooting with short indole-6-butyric acid induction in liquid medium and direct transplantation of the shoots to peat ex vitro after induction were tested. For initiation, either Murashige and Skoog or Driver and Kuniyuki walnut medium with 0.02 mg/L gibberellic acid 4 + 7 and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine were found to best promote shoot formation. Surface sterilisation remains the most challenging step. No significant differences were found between the multiplication media in either shoot production or rooting success. Rooting by direct transplanting was achieved in both species, but further development is required before application on a larger scale. With further improvements to sterilisation success especially in U. glabra, the method can be applied to the conservation of genetic resources of both U. laevis and U. glabra, and knowledge of regeneration success can be used to design the cryoconservation plan and optimise the sampling.

Effect of Using Urea Formaldehyde Modified with Extracts in Plywood on Formaldehyde Emission

Formaldehyde-based adhesives are used in the forestry industry. This is because formaldehyde is inexpensive, easy to use and resistant to moisture; it also has particular mechanical effects. Formaldehyde has both advantages and disadvantages. It is known that various diseases such as lung cancer occur in humans as a result of the release of formaldehyde into the air during and after board production. In this study, a urea formaldehyde glue mixture was prepared by using four different fillers (extract of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) and elm (Ulmus glabra) bark, extract of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) husk and acorn tannins) at two different ratios. The bonding shear strength of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea orientalis) plywood produced with urea formaldehyde adhesive was tested according to EN 314-1 standard. All plywood, except the plywood with acorn tannin, met the requirements of the standard. A formaldehyde emission test of the plywood was carried out in accordance with EN 713-3 standard. With this approach, it is possible to quickly determine formaldehyde emissions. Experimental results were obtained for subsequent measurements, including chamber tests. It was observed that the elm bark extract reduced the formaldehyde emission of pine plywood by 40 %, while other fillers reduced it by 3-37 %.

Phytosociological analysis of noble hardwood forests (Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli) in the Karst and its neighbouring regions (SW Slovenia)

In SW Slovenia, at Gora under Železna Vrata and Petnik gorge near Branik – both on the northern edge of the Karst, in the collapse doline Orleška Draga at Sežana and under Brkinski Rob at the contact of the Karst and Brkini Hills, we conducted a phytosociological analysis of the stands whose tree layer is dominated by Tilia platyphyllos, T. cordata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, in places also Carpinus betulus and Ostrya carpinifolia, and classified them into three associations, Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum pseudoplatani, Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum platyphylli and Fraxino orni-Aceretum pseudoplatani. The latter was described as a new. Also new is a secondary large-leaved lime association Lamio orvalae-Tilietum platyphylli on the sites of montane beech forests (Lamio orvalae-Fagetum) in the Čepovan valley, at the contact of the Dinaric and sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical regions of Slovenia.

Dendrocenosis of the Bila Tserkva national agricultural university main building courtyard: diversity, age and condition

The paper reveals the results of taxonomic assessment, phytosanitary monitoring and general condition of the dendrocenosis the BNAU main building the courtyard. It is established that the age structure of plantations ranges from 10 to 80 years, with 60 years old plants to make 12 %. The group of woody plants aged from 41 to 50 years is most numerous (33 % of the total number of trees); the larges number of shrubs ages 16–20 years (6 %). The structure of the dendrocenosis of the courtyard is formed by species of woody plants, the share of their participation ranges from 5.8 to 15 % of the total number of trees: Aesculus hippocastanum L. (15 %), Acer platanoides (9.2 %), Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (7.5 %), Populus tremula L. (6.7 %), Juglans cinerea L. (6.7 %), Ulmus glabra Huds. (6.7 %), Tilia platyphyllos Scop. (5.8 %). According to the life forms of plants, the dendrocenosis is represented by trees (81.7 %) and shrubs (183.%). The taxonomic assessment of the dendrocenosis reveals that that 120 specimens of shrubs are represented by 27 species, grouped into 23 genera of 17 families of 12 orders of 2 divisions. Magnoliophyta predominates in terms of species diversity, which is represented by 24 species from 20 genera of 16 families of 11 orders. According to the number of specimens represented by families, they can be ranked as follows: Sapindaceae Juss. > Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb> Malvaceae Juss. > Bignoniaceae Juss. > Ulmaceae Mirb. > Salicaceae Mirb. > Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link> Anacardiaceae R.Br. > Fabaceae Juss. > Adoxaceae E.Mey. > Paeoniaceae Raf. According to the number of woody plants, the relative living condition of the dendrocenosis is 75 %, which characterizes the weakened condition of the stand of the BNAU main building courtyard. The best living condition was observed in 46 % of the species stand such as Picea abies L., Pinus sylvestris L., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Fraxinus excelsior L., Styphnolobium japonicum L., Carpinus betulus L., Rhus typhina L., Acer negundo L., Tilia cordata Mill. Under the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors, 26 % of shrubs are in a weakened state, 17 % are severely weakened, 11 % are withered. Key words: dendrocenosis, tree-shrub vegetation, species, genus, family, living condition.

Ravines Floristic Diversity of Khinna Gorge (Zayamchay River Basin, Lesser Caucasus)

In 2016–2021 the ravines floristic diversity of the Khinna gorge (Zayamchay river basin, Lesser Caucasus) was studied. Khinna gorge is located on the right bank of the Zayamchay river, at the foot of Gizilja Mount. In the ravines of the Khinna gorge, 18 species, 13 genera and 11 families of plants were found. Plants of relict origin were also found: Poa nemoralis L., Poa compressa L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Parietaria chersonensis (Lang & Szov.) Dörfl., Asparagus verticillatus L., Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss., Rubus buschii Grossh. ex Sinkova, Amoria tumens (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Roskov, Plantago major L.

The second order axes in the formation of the virginile tree crown of the Ulmus glabra Huds

Последовательность возрастных этапов дерева отражается ходом роста самых крупных осей 2 порядка формирующихся на годичных приростах ствола. Именно эта последовательность определяет контур кроны виргинильного дерева и его успешность в конкретных экологических условиях. Самая сильная верхняя ветка каждого годичного прироста ствола ходом своего роста отражает тот возрастной этап развития кроны дерева, когда она начала формироваться, являясь своеобразным маркером. Свойства ветвей можно использовать для сравнительной характеристики деревьев в одном возрастном состоянии для более точной индикации внешних условий. The series of the age-stages of the tree is reflected by the growth of the largest axes of the second order formed on the annual growth of the trunk of tree. This series determines the contour of the crown of the virginal tree and its success in specific environmental conditions. The strongest upper branch of each annual growth of the trunk in the course of its growth reflects that age stage in the development of the crown of the tree when it began to form, being some sort of a marker. Branch properties can be used to compare trees in the same age stage for a more accurate indication of external environmental conditions.

The Populations and Habitat Preferences of Three Elm Species in Conditions Prevailing on Plains of Poland

From among the 35–40 elm species existing around the world, three are native to Europe: the wych elm (Ulmus glabra Huds.), the European white elm, (Ulmus laevis Pall.), and the field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The populations of these trees have been greatly reduced as a result of a decrease in the total area of riparian forests. Furthermore, for nearly 100 years, they have been destroyed by Dutch elm disease (DED). The main research problems of this study are: what are the habitat preferences of elms growing in a given area; and whether the occurrence of DED depends on the species of elm and the habitat in which it occurs. The results presented here are based on field studies and observations have been supplemented with data from forest inventories. All of the examined elms are definitely more abundant in habitats that are fertile or very fertile and moist, with a neutral or slightly alkaline soil pH. The preference for moist sites is the most evident in the case of U. laevis and the least evident in the case of U. glabra. A slight shift in habitat preferences of the field elm, compared to the white elm, towards less humid conditions was observed. The predominant species of elm in the studied area is currently U. laevis, which was rarely cultivated in forests in the past. In the examined area, the field elm population is clearly on the decline mainly due to the long-term presence of Dutch elm disease. U. glabra is the rarest species in the examined area and most often found on slopes. The current proportions of individual species should be maintained. This paper discusses factors, including ones not connected with DED, that may be responsible for the current state of populations of particular species of elm in forests of Central Europe.