The influence of some design parameters on the heat transfer in thermal fuel flowmeter

The article analyzes the influence, relationship and value of design parameters of the heat flow meter on its radial and axial heat fluxes in the tube (tube diameter, heater diameter and their ratio, thermal conductivity of the tube material, etc.). It is shown that at the stage of choosing the design parameters of the flowmeter it is necessary to take into account the influence of its radial heat flux on the axial one. The influence of radial heat flux in the flowmeter tube on the error of fuel loss measurement is substantiated. Analytical dependences which allow to define an axial heat stream are resulted, their analysis concerning influence of flowmeter tube constructive parameters on heat transfer is carried out. Measures are planned and recommendations are developed for the choice of design flowmeter parameters, development or use, provided that the influence of radial heat flow on the axial is reduced, which will reduce the total error of fuel consumption measurement. Regarding the choice of design parameters of heat meters while reducing the error of measuring fuel consumption, it is shown that the maximum possible decrease in the diameter of the heater and increase the diameter of the flow tube reduce the impact of radial heat flow on the axial and thus reduce the total fuel consumption error. Numerical ratios of tube diameter to flowmeter heater diameter for different thermal conductivities of tube materials are given under the condition of minimal influence on fuel consumption measurement error. For tube materials with a thermal conductivity 0.16… 0.25 W / (m ∙ K) (ebonite, fluoroplastic F-5, etc.) the tube diameters ratio and the heater should be within 1.51… 1.62, and for materials with more high thermal conductivity (thermal conductivity greater than 14.9 W / (m ∙ K)), this ratio should be equal to 1.99.

Model representations of heat shock in terms of dynamic thermal elasticity

This article is devoted to mathematical models of thermal shock in terms of dynamic thermoelasticity and their application to the specific conditions of intensive heating and cooling of solids. A scheme is proposed for deriving the compatibility equation in voltages for dynamic problems, which generalizes the well-known Beltrami-Mitchell relation for quasistatic cases. The proposed relation can be used to consider numerous special cases in the theory of thermal shock in Cartesian coordinates for both bounded canonical bodies and partially bounded ones. As a detailed study, the latter case was considered under conditions of abrupt temperature heating and cooling, thermal heating and cooling, and medium heating and cooling. Numerical experiments were carried out, and the wave nature of the propagation of thermoelastic waves was described. The effect of relaxation of the solid boundary on sudden heating and sudden cooling, which has been little studied in thermomechanics, is described. It is established that this effect influences maximum of internal temperature stresses, which depend on the parameters characterizing the elastic and thermal properties of materials, as well as the heating time and cooling time. A “compatibility equation” in displacements was proposed to study the problem of thermal shock in cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems in bodies with a radial heat flow and central symmetry. The formulation of a generalized problem in the theory of thermal shock is formulated, which is of practical and theoretical interests for many areas of science and technology.

Collapse of a Relativistic Self-Gravitating Star with Radial Heat Flux: Impact of Anisotropic Stresses

We develop a simple model for a self-gravitating spherically symmetric relativistic star which begins to collapse from an initially static configuration by dissipating energy in the form of radial heat flow. We utilize the model to show how local anisotropy affects the collapse rate and thermal behavior of gravitationally evolving systems.

Comparative Radial Heat Flow Method for Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Liquids

A steady state thermal conductivity measuring setup based on the comparative radial heat flow method is presented. The setup consists of a pair of coaxial cylinders as its main components, with test fluid placed in the annular space between these cylinders with water tight cover plates at the top and bottom of the cylinders. Experiment involves heating the coil at the concentric-center of the inner cylinder; steady state data are acquired for the calculation of the thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is calculated by comparing the radial heat flow between the cylinders and the test fluid (comparative method). Thermal conductivity of water, glycerol, and ethylene glycol was measured for varying temperatures and is in good agreement with the published thermal conductivity values in literature.