Ijtihad, Pendidikan, dan Politik dalam Pemikiran Muhammad Rasyid Ridha

The problem of religiosity is one of the themes that characterize the modern era today. This problem was marked by widespread issues of secularization, liberalization and pluralism which triggered reactions from Muslim scientists, such as Muhammad Rasyid Ridha. This text aims to examine Rosyid Ridha's thoughts on the theme of ijtihad, education and politics. By using the analytical descriptive method, this study concludes several important points. First, Rasyid Ridha contributed effectively from all aspects of benefit in the fields of ijtihad, education and politics. He includes religious elements that refer to the Al-Qur'an and Hadith, such as in his teacher Jamaluddin Al-Afghani. Second, he offers a well-known solution, namely by re-buzzing ijtihad. And third, taking modern thinking and then integrating it with Islam without eliminating syari'ah values. In Rida's concept of thought, he always combines Western and Islamic sciences but still prioritizes religion based on the Al-Qur'an and Hadith. Because of this, his thinking is considered to be a solution in facing the modern era today.

20 Years of Forging N-Heterocycles from Acrylamides Through Domino/Cascade Reactions

Acrylamides are versatile building blocks easily obtained from readily available starting materials. During the last 20 years, these valuable substrates bearing a nucleophilic nitrogen atom and an electrophilic double bond have proved to be efficient domino partners leading to a wide variety of complex aza-heterocycles of synthetic relevance. In this non-exhaustive review, metal free and metal triggered reactions followed by an annulation will be presented, these two approaches allowing a good modulation of the reactivity of the polyvalent acrylamides.

Learning early about peanut-triggered food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome

Background: Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-immunoglobulin E mediated food allergy that typically presents with repetitive emesis and may be associated with lethargy, marked pallor, hypotension, hypothermia, and/or diarrhea. Although many foods are known to cause FPIES, peanut-triggered FPIES is emerging due to changes in the feeding practice guidelines, which recommends early peanut introduction in infants. Objective: We aimed to characterize peanut-triggered acute FPIES cases in our pediatric population and to describe their attributes, treatment, and outcomes. We hypothesized that increases in the incidence of peanut-triggered FPIES coincided with implementation of the guidelines for early peanut introduction. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of pediatric patients who presented to Phoenix Children’s Hospital Emergency Department and subspecialty clinics during a 6-year period (January 2013 to September 2019). Results: Thirty-three cases of patients with acute FPIES were identified, five of which were peanut triggered. In those patients with peanut-triggered FPIES, the median age for peanut introduction was 7 months (range, 5‐24 months). Two patients had positive peanut skin-prick test results. All five cases were identified in the past 2 years (2018 to 2019). No peanut-triggered reactions were documented in the preceding 4-year period (2013 to 2017). Conclusion: Peanut may be an emerging trigger of acute FPIES, coinciding with an earlier introduction of peanut in the infant diet after implementation of the new addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy. Oats and rice were the most common triggers of acute FPIES in our cohort. Further study will help clarify the significance and reproducibility of these findings.

China's Grand Strategy under Xi Jinping: Reassurance, Reform, and Resistance

China's grand strategy under Xi Jinping is clearly distinctive. It does not, however, fundamentally break with the grand strategy that China has embraced since the early 1990s—one that aims to realize what is now labeled “the dream of national rejuvenation.” Leaders in Beijing have implemented three different approaches to this strategy. In 1992, the approach to rejuvenation followed Deng Xiaoping's admonition for China to hide its capabilities and bide its time. In 1996, Beijing shifted to a more proactive approach, peaceful rise, seeking to reassure others that a stronger and wealthier China would not pose a threat. In 2012, Xi again recast the grand strategy of rejuvenation to realize the Chinese dream. His approach is distinguished by its combination of three efforts: (1) continuing earlier attempts to reassure others about the benign intentions of rising China, (2) moving China from rhetoric to action in promoting reform of an international order that has facilitated China's rise, and (3) resisting challenges to what the Chinese Communist Party defines as the country's core interests. Xi's bolder approach has further clarified China's long-standing international aspirations and triggered reactions abroad that raise doubts about the prospects for his approach to realizing the goal of national rejuvenation.

Stabilizing stretch reflexes are modulated independently from the rapid release of perturbation-triggered motor plans

Responses elicited after the shortest latency spinal reflexes but prior to the onset of voluntary activity can display sophistication beyond a stereotypical reflex. Two distinct behaviors have been identified for these rapid motor responses, often called long-latency reflexes. The first is to maintain limb stability by opposing external perturbations. The second is to quickly release motor actions planned prior to the disturbance, often called a triggered reaction. This study investigated their interaction when motor tasks involve both limb stabilization and motor planning. We used a robotic manipulator to change the stability of the haptic environment during 2D arm reaching tasks, and to apply perturbations that could elicit rapid motor responses. Stabilizing reflexes were modulated by the orientation of the haptic environment (field effect) whereas triggered reactions were modulated by the target to which subjects were instructed to reach (target effect). We observed that there were no significant interactions between the target and field effects in the early (50–75 ms) portion of the long-latency reflex, indicating that these components of the rapid motor response are initially controlled independently. There were small but significant interactions for two of the six relevant muscles in the later portion (75–100 ms) of the reflex response. In addition, the target effect was influenced by the direction of the perturbation used to elicit the motor response, indicating a later feedback correction in addition to the early component of the triggered reaction. Together, these results demonstrate how distinct components of the long-latency reflex can work independently and together to generate sophisticated rapid motor responses that integrate planning with reaction to uncertain conditions.

Indices of association between anxiety and mindfulness: a guide for future mindfulness studies

Mindfulness and anxiety are often linked as inversely related traits and there have been several theoretical and mediational models proposed suggesting such a relationship between these two traits. The current review report offers an account of self-report measures, behavioral, electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and biological studies, which provide converging evidence for an inverse relationship between mindfulness and anxiety. To our knowledge, there are no comprehensive accounts of empirical evidence that investigate this relationship. After reviewing several empirical studies, we propose a schematic model, where a stressor can trigger the activation of amygdala which activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) pathway. This hyperactive HPA axis leads to a cascade of psychological, behavioral, electrophysiological, immunological, endocrine, and genetic reactions in the body, primarily mediated by a sympathetic pathway. Conversely, mindfulness protects from deleterious effects of these triggered reactions by downregulating the HPA axis activity via a parasympathetic pathway. Finally, we propose a model suggesting a comprehensive scheme through which mindfulness and anxiety may interact through emotion regulation. It is recommended that future mindfulness intervention studies should examine a broad spectrum of measurement indices where possible, keeping logistic feasibility in mind and look at mindfulness in conjunction with anxiety rather than independently.