Fungal symbionts of endangered Crocanthemum canadense (Cistaceae) in Nova Scotia

Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britt. (Cistaceae) is critically imperiled in Nova Scotia. The decline of Nova Scotian C. canadense is largely due to the loss of the Annapolis Valley sand barrens habitat. Fungal symbionts may aid in nutrient and water acquisition as well as plant defenses. The role of fungal associations with C. canadense is unknown; our goal was to identify fungal symbionts to inform ongoing conservation research. We isolated fungi from eighteen C. canadense plants collected from Greenwood, Nova Scotia. Using ITS rDNA barcoding of fungal cultures, we identified 58 fungal taxa. ITS2 meta-amplicon barcoding of roots and rhizosphere soil revealed 241 fungi with basidiomycetes accounting for 53.8% of reads. Chaetothyriales sp., Mycetinis scorodonius, Acidomelania panicicola, and Scleroderma citrinum were the most abundant root associates based on meta-amplicon data. We quantified percent root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) using root staining and microscopy. The average AMF colonization rate of the roots was 29.6% (n=18). We provide a foundation for understanding the fungal community in this declining habitat and the first account of fungal symbionts in the above- and below-ground tissues and rhizosphere of C. canadense. Identifying fungi influencing endangered Nova Scotian C. canadense is valuable for developing conservation strategies.

Supervivencia y crecimiento de Pinus engelmannii Carr. en una reforestación por micorrización y fertilización

En un vivero forestal, a la planta se le brindan los cuidados e insumos necesarios para favorecer su calidad; con la finalidad de que tenga mejores oportunidades durante su desarrollo inicial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la supervivencia y crecimiento en diámetro y altura de Pinus engelmannii en una reforestación, con base en la incorporación de inoculantes micorrícicos comerciales en la etapa de preacondicionamiento en vivero, y de fertilizante de lenta liberación al momento de plantar. Se evaluaron seis tratamientos: inoculante endomicorrícico con esporas de Glomus, inoculante ectomicorrícico con esporas de Amanita rubescens, Amanita sp., Lactarius indigo, Ramaria sp. y Boletus sp., e inoculante ectomicorrícico con esporas de Pisolithus tinctorius y Scleroderma citrinum, combinado con y sin fertilizante granulado Multicote 8® de lenta liberación (8-9 meses) (11 N-28 P2O5-11 K2O+ micronutrimentos). Las variables respuesta registradas fueron: supervivencia y causa de mortalidad, diámetro del tallo y altura. Los resultados indicaron que la supervivencia disminuyó paulatinamente, y a los 12 meses varió de 57 a 83 % entre tratamientos. En las variables diámetro y altura existieron diferencias significativas de los tres a los 12 meses. Los tratamientos con inoculante ectomicorrícico sin fertilización tuvieron mayor supervivencia, mientras que los tratamientos con inoculante y fertilizante mostraron mayor incremento en diámetro y altura. Se concluye que la inoculación controlada repercutió en la supervivencia, y la fertilización tuvo efecto sobre el crecimiento en campo de P. engelmannii.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in a young orchard of grafted and ungrafted hybrid chestnut saplings

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community of the European chestnut has been poorly investigated, and mostly by sporocarp sampling. We proposed the study of the ECM fungal community of 2-year-old chestnut hybrids Castanea × coudercii (Castanea sativa × Castanea crenata) using molecular approaches. By using the chestnut hybrid clones 111 and 125, we assessed the impact of grafting on ECM colonization rate, species diversity, and fungal community composition. The clone type did not have an impact on the studied variables; however, grafting significantly influenced ECM colonization rate in clone 111. Species diversity and richness did not vary between the experimental groups. Grafted and ungrafted plants of clone 111 had a different ECM fungal species composition. Sequence data from ITS regions of rDNA revealed the presence of 9 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, and 27 species of ECM fungi, most of them generalist, early-stage species. Thirteen new taxa were described in association with chestnuts. The basidiomycetes Agaricales (13 taxa) and Boletales (11 taxa) represented 36% and 31%, of the total sampled ECM fungal taxa, respectively. Scleroderma citrinum, S. areolatum, and S. polyrhizum (Boletales) were found in 86% of the trees and represented 39% of total ECM root tips. The ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum (Mytilinidiales) was found in 80% of the trees but accounted only for 6% of the colonized root tips. These results could help to unveil the impact of grafting on fungal symbionts, improving management of chestnut agro-ecosystems and production of edible fungal species.

Draft Genome Sequence of Collimonas pratensis Strain PMB3(1), an Effective Mineral-Weathering and Chitin-Hydrolyzing Bacterial Strain

ABSTRACT We announce the draft genome sequence of Collimonas pratensis PMB3(1), isolated from the Scleroderma citrinum mycorrhizosphere. In addition to its mineral-weathering effectiveness and antifungal activity, this strain is characterized by genomic features that give it great potential as a biocontrol and plant growth-promoting agent in nutrient-poor soils.

Exploration of potential wild medicinal mushrooms from Pocut Meurah Intan forest park, Aceh, Indonesia

Mushroom is one of living things with abundant diversity and has various beneficial potentials; one of them is as medicine. The use of mushrooms as medicine has long been known primarily as traditionally made herbs and the knowledge has been passed down for generations. The Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park as a conservation forest, stores a variety of mushrooms in it. Data about the type of mushroom that has medicinal potential existed in the forest park has never been published so it is important to do so. This study aims to record the types of mushrooms that have benefits as medicines. The method used is an exploratory survey through a trail or tracking path then identified as a medicinal mushroom base on literature studies. The results of the study found 15 species of mushrooms that have potential as medicine, namely Cookeina tricholoma, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Tremella fuciformis, Auricularia auricula-judae, Flammulina velutipes, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma citrinum, Boletus edulis, Trametes versicolor, Lentinus tigrinus, Lentinus squarosulus, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Thelephora ganbajun and Lycoperdon echinatum. This shows that Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park has great resources and potential that can be utilized for the benefit of the surrounding community, and it needs to be preserved so that diversity is maintained and can be used by future generations.

EKSTRAKSI BAKTERI ASAL EKTOMIKORIZA SEBAGAI AGEN ANTAGONIS PENYAKIT TANAMAN FUSARIUM

Unbalanced interaction between plant and biotic or abiotic components is one of the sources to accelerate the presence of disease. The purpose of this study was to obtain a number of bacteria from Scleroderma citrinum extraction which was describing bacteria morphology, and the observed response of the potential bacteria S. citrinum as antagonists against the disease of Fusarium sp. The results obtained 7 species bacteria from S. citrinum ectomycorrhiza which had the ability to inhibition of different Fusarium sp., diseases. In addition, the 7 types of bacteria S. citrinum had different morphology. Bacterial morphology can be described based on their shapes, edges, colors, and surfaces. The result of the antagonistic test of bacterial isolate Scl 7 was suspected and had the potential to inhibit Fusarium sp., pathogen, in which it can be seen from the highest percentage from the percentage of inhibition of 41.11%. From the study, it has been observed that no visible exploitation by bacteria S. citrinum as the antagonist against Fusarium sp. Therefore, bacteria S. citrinum was suspected to contain antibiosis and competition (nutrient competitor) characteristics.

Some Antiviral Mushrooms of Nepal

The present paper is a review based on published articles to highlight some potential antiviral mushrooms, which are also found in Nepal. Nepalese mushrooms have not yet been analyzed and investigated so far for their antiviral properties except antioxidant and ACE-Inhibition sources of 62 Nepalese mushrooms as evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. OphicordycepsSinensiswas screened for its chemical compound in Nepal The published paper from abroad includes the species like Calvatia gigantia, Cordyceps militaris, Cortinarius caperatus, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifolafrondosa, HericiumErinaceus, Inonotushispidus, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinula edodes, Omphalotusilludens, Ophiocordyceps Sinensis, Phellinus Ignarius, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus eryngii. Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus Umbellatus, Russula Delica.Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma citrinum, Tremella sp., and Trametes Versicolor are also found in the natural temperate (Schima – Castanopsis- Rhododendron – Quercus) forests of Kathmandu valley. This paper may provide the researchers with a glimpse of the aspects of the experiment and lead to investigate on medicinal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties of mushrooms found in Nepal.

THE MACROFUNGI DIVERSITY AND THEIR POTENTIAL UTILIZATION IN TANGALE NATURE RESERVE GORONTALO PROVINCE

Tangale Nature reserve is a conservation area located in Gorontalo that have the biodiversity typical of Wallacea bioregion including macroscopic fungi. The purpose of this study was to identify the fungal species diversity found in the Tangale Nature reserve as well as its potential use, considering that the information on species diversity of fungi in the Wallacea region is very limited. This research was conducted using the cruise method by identifying macroscopic fungi along the hiking trail of Tangale Nature Reserve. The macroscopic fungi were observed for its morphological characteristic include the colour, diameter, surface of the veil, the shape of the stem, the length and diameter of the stem, the lamella, including ring and pore, type of lamella and the type of volva. The research recorded the substrates and the location where the fungus was found. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results of the research identified 28 species of macroscopic fungi that included to the division Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. It belongs to 16 families and 8 orders are Pezizales, Agaricales, Auriculariales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Gomphales, Polyporales, dan Russulales. Based on place to grow as much as 57,14% were found growing on decaying wood and 42,86% found growing in the soil/litter. Based on the potential of use, it has identified four species of mushrooms potentially as edible mushroom are Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula, Ramaria formosa, and Polyporus arcularius. 11 species of mushrooms potentially as medicinal mushroom are Calvatia craniiformis, Scleroderma citrinum, Lenzites betulina, Microporus flabelliformis, Coriolus versicolor, Microporus xanthopus, and Albatrellus confluens.

Жуки-грибоеды (Coleoptera, Mycetophagidae) Алматинской области (Юго-Восточный Казахстан)

Дан обзор видов жуков-грибоедов (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae) Алматинской области Казахстана, включающий данные по их распространению, морфологии, экологии. Всего выявлено 7 видов и 3 рода - Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, M. quadriguttatus, M. fulvicollis, M. multipunctatus, M. piceus, Litargus connexus и Typhaea stercorea. Приводятся данные по фауне грибоедов 3-х особо охраняемых природных территорий Алматинской области. В государственном национальном природном парке «Иле-Алатау» отмечены все обнаруженные в Алматинской области 3 рода и 7 видов грибоедов. Для государственного национального природного парка «Алтын-Эмель» указаны 3 рода и 5 видов: M. quadripustulatus, M. quadriguttatus, M. piceus, Litargus connexus и T. stercorea. В государственном национальном природном парке «Жонгар-Алатау» обнаружены 2 рода и 4 вида: M. quadripustulatus, M. quadriguttatus, M. multipunctatus и T. stercorea. В настоящее время ГНПП «Иле-Алатау» является наиболее богатым по видовому разнообразию жуков-грибоедов из трех особо охраняемых природных территорий, на которых проводились исследования. Сведения о некоторых видах грибов, на которых были отмечены жуки-грибоеды, приводятся впервые. M. quadriguttatus ранее не отмечался на Agaricus campestris, Russula betularum, Pleurotus dryinus, P. ostreatus, Сoprinellus domesticus, Lepista personata. M. quadripustulatus – не отмечался на грибах Bjerkandera fumosa, L. personata, Cortinarius purpurascens, P. dryinus и Agaricus bitorquis. M. piceus - на B. fumosa, C. purpurascens и P. dryinus. M. multipunctatus - на Trametes ochracea, L. personata, C. purpurascens, A. bitorquis, R. betularum, Lycoperdon pratense и P. dryinus. M. fulvicollis - на T. ochracea, Cerioporus squamosus, Scleroderma citrinum и P. ostreatus. Litargus connexus – на L. personata, C. purpurascens, T. ochracea и P. ostreatus. T. stercorea - на Antrodia serialis, C. purpurascens, T. ochracea, C. squamosus и Byssonectria terrestris.