ISOLATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN FROM NONCONVENTIONAL NATU-RAL RAW MATERIALS

Obtaining and studying the functional properties and determining the subsequent purpose in the practical use of pectin substances requires a thorough study of physical and chemical characteristics of the polysaccharide. By using the acidic hydrolysis method, pectic polysaccharides were isolated from nonconventional raw materials of natural origins - basidial fungus mushrooms Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus hispidus, Polýporus squamosus. The polysaccharides isolated were characterized: such as content of free and etherifying carboxyl groups, total -СООН groups, -ОСН3 groups, degree of etherification and by data of the IR-spectroscopy. The pectic polysaccharides isolated in identical conditions from the basidial mushrooms were powders with colors from light yellow to is light-brown by the appearance, possess sub-acidic taste, have no extraneous smack and a smell. The pectin from Inonotus hispidus was much lighter than other pectins (Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Polýporus squamosus). The pectin’s isolated were similar to the apple pectin by the organoleptic properties. They can classified as averagely etherified pectins regarding the degree etherification. Etherification degree of the studied pectins was in the range of 50.00–66.67%. The methoxyl groups were ranged between 8.47–11.43%. Content of free carboxylic groups in the range of 2.25–5.40%.

The effect of mixed rot from the present tinder (Fomes fomentarius (L.:Fr.) Gill.) on the accumulation of heavy metals in the hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.)

A study was conducted on the effect of mixed rot from the present tinder on the accumulation of heavy metals (copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, cobalt, iron) by hanging birch Keywords: real tinder, mixed rot, heavy metals, hanging birch.

Fomes fomentarius. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

A description is provided for Fomes fomentarius. Sporophores of this fungus are found on both living and dead trees, where the fungus causes a decay of heartwood. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (São Tomé and Principe, Somalia, Tunisia), Asia (Azerbaijan, China (Hong Kong), Cyprus, Georgia, India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan (Akmola, Aktobe, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, South Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan), Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Buryatia, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai), South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan), Central America (Panama), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Madeira)), Europe (Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Komi Republic, Krasnodar Krai, Moscow Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Saratov Oblast, Voronezh Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), North America (Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), USA (Alabama, Alaska, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)), South America (Brazil (Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina), Chile)).

Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of fungal-based composite materials using the tinder fungus Fomes fomentarius

Background Recent efforts in fungal biotechnology aim to develop new concepts and technologies that convert renewable plant biomass into innovative biomaterials. Hereby, plant substrates become metabolized by filamentous fungi to transform them into new fungal-based materials. Current research is thus focused on both understanding and optimizing the biology and genetics underlying filamentous fungal growth and on the development of new technologies to produce customized fungal-based materials. Results This manuscript reports the production of stable pastes, composed of Fomes fomentarius mycelium, alginate and water with 71 wt.% mycelium in the solid content, for additive manufacturing of fungal-based composite materials. After printing complex shapes, such as hollow stars with up to 39 mm in height, a combination of freeze-drying and calcium-crosslinking processes allowed the printed shapes to remain stable even in the presence of water. The printed objects show low bulk densities of 0.12 ± 0.01 g/cm3 with interconnected macropores. Conclusions This work reports for the first time the application of mycelium obtained from the tinder fungus F. fomentarius for an extrusion-based additive manufacturing approach to fabricate customized light-weight 3D objects. The process holds great promise for developing light-weight, stable, and porous fungal-based materials that could replace expanded polystyrene produced from fossil resources.

Fungal diversity inhabited with trees and their conservation in Bukki Top in upper great Himalaya

This investigation was aimed to explore the biodiversity of upper great Himalayas range with special reference to the flora and its conservation. The natural landscape and high altitude meadows (Bugyal) enhanced the beauty of Uttarakhand. Bukki village and Bukki top one of the gorgeous region locate in Uttarkashi district of Uttrakhand state, fall on the opposite side of the national highway NH-108 and connect the Gangotri Glacier via Harsil. The present article is the description of the flora of the Bukki region and, we tried to mainly focus on different fungus species and disease on trees, observed during the trek. Some important fungus species observed are Daldinia concentric, Trichaptum biforme, Fomes fomentarius and Daedalea quercina. We also describe each fungus attributes and habitat distribution description.

Faunistic complex of mycetophilous beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the xylotrophic fungus Fomes fomentarius (Basidiomyceta) in the territory of the Saratov region

This article describes the characteristics of the beetle fauna – inhabitants of fruiting bodies and the mycelial layer of the true tinder fungus Fomes fomentarius L.: Fr. and are considers some important aspects of the ecology of mycetophilous beetles. Coleopteran population of fruiting bodies of the fungus in five districts of the Saratov region is 63%. Two species from the family Staphylinidae (Gyrophaena joyi Wendeler, 1924 and Scaphisoma boreale Lundblad, 1952) have been recorded on growing and / or spore bearing fruiting bodies. The complex of the main distructors is confined to dying fruiting bodies (20 species). The predominant group (61%) is Diaperis boleti (Linnaeus, 1758) (Tenebrionidae) and Erotylidae. At the trophic level, obligate mycetophages and mycetosaprophages prevail among coleopterans (95%). The most similar are the mycetophilous communities of the residential areas of Saratov and Engels (Kf = 0.7), extremely low similarity was noted for Saratov and Bazarno-Karabulak district (Kf = 0.1).

Ксилотрофні макроміцети мішаних хвойно-листяних лісостанів Львівського Розточчя

Досліджено видовий склад ксилотрофних макроміцетів у грабово-сосново-дубових деревостанах (стаціонар кафедри лісівництва: секція I – 120-130-річне материнське насадження і 50-річні лісостани, відтворені природним шляхом після здійснених різних способів поступових рубань – секції II, III, IV) та в сосново-букових, букових і соснових деревостанах Страдчівського навчально-виробничого лісокомбінату. Найбільше різноманіття ксилотрофних макроміцетів виявлено в материнському деревостані. Серед дослідних секцій найбільшу видову різноманітність ксилотрофних грибів виявлено на секції III, де проведена рівномірна поступова двоприйомна рубка, найменшу – на секції II, де проведена рівномірна поступова триприйомна рубка. Однак таксаційні показники деревостанів, відновлених природним шляхом, не вплинули істотно на видовий склад афілофорових грибів. Гірший санітарний стан характерний для материнського деревостану на контрольній секції, що пов'язано із значним віком дерев і проведенням у 2013-2014 рр. на дослідних секціях доглядових рубань низовим методом. Загалом санітарний стан дуба на всіх контрольних секціях є гіршим порівняно із сосною та грабом. Для дерев дуба також встановлено найвищий коефіцієнт ослабленості на усіх дослідних секціях. Інтенсивність процесів диференціації дерев за санітарним станом найвищим є на контролі, де деревостан уже перейшов у вікову групу – перестиглі. У сосново-букових, чистих букових і соснових деревостанах формується склад ксилотрофних макроміцетів, ідентичний з грабово-сосново-дубовими лісостанами. Водночас бук і сосна у чистих деревостанах мають гірші показники санітарного стану, ніж у мішаних лісостанах. У чистих соснових і букових деревостанах вищим є коефіцієнт інтенсивності процесів диференціації дерев порівняно із мішаними насадженнями. Встановлено зростання кількості дерев із різноманітними патологіями та пошкодженнями в чистих деревостанах бука порівняно із мішаними. У чистих сосняках вищою є кількість дерев із стовбуровими гнилями та плодовими тілами трутовиків. У всіх обстежених мішаних деревостанах переважають макроміцети із екологічної групи сапротрофи на незруйнованій деревині. Серед паразитичних макроміцетів найбільшу небезпеку становлять Fomes fomentarius, Laetiporus sulphureus, Ganoderma applanatum, Porodaedalea pini, які є причиною втрати технічної якості деревини.

Low Doses of Gamma Irradiation Stimulate Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Activity in Fomes fomentarius Living Mycelium

Environmental changes generate free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in abiotic stress in plants and fungi. Gamma ionizing radiation generates a significant amount of free radicals and ROS, thereby simulating natural environmental stressors. We used a 60Co source of radiation to experimentally induce oxidative stress in living mycelium mass of the medicinal fungus Fomes fomentarius, in order to obtain a late response of stress tolerance by means of bioactive compounds synthesis. We measured the response at 24, 48, and 72 h after the irradiation. The highest improvement was found 24 h after exposure for antioxidant activity and for total phenolic compounds of methanolic extract, with a 1.89- and 1.64-fold increase, respectively. The total flavonoids in methanolic extract increased 1.68 times after 48 h from treatment and presented a more stable raising in the assessed time-lapse. For the three analyzed parameters, 300 Gy was the optimum absorbed dose to trigger a beneficial response, with potentially applications in pharmaceutics and nutraceutics. Gamma irradiation can be used as a biotechnological tool to direct the secondary metabolites synthesis upregulation in medicinal mushroom living mycelium.