Bioprospection of Enggano Macroscopic Fungi as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Agents

Macrofungi in Indonesia have not been widely studied for their pharmacological activity, especially as a source of antibacterial and antioxidant properties, even though Indonesia as a tropical country has quite a high diversity of macrofungi. This study aims to reveal the potential of macrofungi from the Enggano forest as a source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Four types of macrofungi were collected and their metabolites were extracted using four types of organic solvents. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity assay of the extract was carried out using the TLC Bioautography method. From the sixteen macrofungal extracts, there is one extract that has the strongest antibacterial activity compared to the others, namely n-hexane Coriolopsis polyzona. It showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with MIC values of 256–128 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of the macrofungal extracts showed weak activity with IC50 values of 3080–7370 μg/mL (AAI values of 0.033–0.079).

The Opportunity of Developing Microalgae Cultivation Techniques in Indonesia

The rate of population growth which is relatively rapidly increasing in Indonesia, will require increased fuel. The depletion of the availability of fossil fuels causes the search for the other natural resources needed to become a renewable energy source. One of the significant changes today is microalgae. The application of the algal aquaculture system has been widely applied in the world. The media used in cultivation also varies, one of which is wastewater. The composition of biodiesel energy in Indonesia is increasing and is starting to become the people's choice. Indonesia, which is rich in natural resources, especially the high biodiversity of microalgae, causes microalgae's potential use to be very high. Many studies report the explosion of algal participation in many parts of Indonesia. Research concerning the cultivation of microalgae has been widely successful in Indonesia. The use of microalgae is already available in the field with domestic water treatment applications. The conversion of microalgae into biodiesel also successfully met the requirements of SNI 04-7182-2006.

Kriopreservasi Tunas in Vitro Pepaya ‘Sukma’ Dengan Perlakuan Prakultur, Loading, Dan Dehidrasi Dengan Pvs2 Dan Modifikasinya

Papaya has high genetic variability because it is an open-pollinated plant and has genotype and phenotypeare that are easily changed due to environment changes. Cryopreservation is a storing method of germplasm in liquid nitrogen (-196 oC) which can maintain the genotype and phenotype of germplasm. The experiment aimed to obtain the best preculture, loading, and dehydration for cryopreservation of papaya ‘Sukma’ in vitro shoots. For preculture, we planted shoots on MS media with 0.3 M and 0.4 M sucrose for 1, 2, and 3 days. In the loading treatment, we immersed shoots in loading solution (liquid MS+1.2M glycerol+0.4M sucrose) for 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. For dehydration, we immersed shoots in cryoprotectant (PVS2 and its modification) for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Then, shoots were immersed in liquid nitrogen. The results showed thatshoots had the best survival rate while they had been precultured on MS medium with 0.3 M sucrose for 3 days. The best loading treatment time was 20–30 minutes. The best dehydration treatment was obtained by modification of PVS2 for 10 minutes. The shoots have not been able to recovery after cryopreservation, so it can be concluded that cryopreservation of in vitro papaya ‘Sukma’ shoots has not been successful.

Bunker Oksigen Dan Karbon (Bok) Di Lingkungan Sekolah Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon, Manfaat, Dan Nilai Ekonominya

The impacts of pollution and climate change occurred in global and local communities, including at school environment. Uncomfortable school environment due to pollution and school damage due to sea-level rise interferes with learning processes and reduces students' academic performance. A new approach of a school greening programme called Bunkers of Oxygen and Carbon (BOCs) was developed in a public school (SMA Negeri 3 Merauke) in Merauke, Papua using a thematic approach to mitigate pollution and climate change. The research showed that carbon storage of BOCs is mean 74 Mg ha-1 . This is equal with carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of mean 271 Mg CO2e ha-1. The capacity of BOCs as carbon storage can be optimized due to the age of vegetation in BOCs is only four years old, and below ground carbon stock was measured only up to 50 cm depth. The amount of carbon stock in BOCs was influenced by vegetation health (tree density and canopy coverage) and vegetation structure (tree diameter and height) in the BOCs (r2 = 0.56, p = 0.001). The mean economic value of carbon stocks in the BOCs was US $ 189 billion ha-1. This economic value may underestimate as many benefits and functions of the BOCs were excluded from the calculation. BOCs have ecological functions as a habitat for many wildlife species, various ecosystem services, recreational areas, aesthetic values, oxygen supply, and a place to improve creativity and as natural laboratories for practice and learning from nature. Therefore, the development of BOCs in the school environment across Indonesia is important as the functions and benefits are crucial to mitigate pollution and climate change, improve the learning process and the quality of national education.

Aktivitas Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Biji Litsea Garciae Vidal Pada Odema Telapak Kaki Dan Gambaran Histologis Kaki Mencit

Litsea garciae or malek is a native species from Borneo and belongs to the Lauraceae family. Scientifically, the use of these plants is not widely known. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of Litsea garciae seeds against edema in mice feet and to determine the histology of the carrageenan-induced integument thickness of mice. The study used a completely randomized design with 5 treatment groups. The treatment group consisted of a negative treatment group (K1), a positive treatment group (K2) with 3 different dosages of Malek seed extract groups. The treatment doses used were Malek seed extract at a dose of 0.625 mg/g BW (P1), 1.25 mg/g BW (2), and 2.50 mg/g BW (P3). Edema percentage and integument thickness were analyzed by the One-Way ANOVA test with (α = 0.05). The results showed that the Malek seed extract dose of 0.625 mg/g BW had anti-inflammatory activity against edema of the mice's feet. The percentage of inflammation with doses of 0.625 mg/g BW, 1.25 mg/g BW and 2.5 mg/g BW was 31.10%, 22.58%, and 25.83%. The percentage of reduction in inflammation in the positive control treatment of Na-diclofenac (42.70%) was significantly differ-ent from the treatment of Malek seed extract at a dose of 0.0625–2.5 mg/g BW. The percentage of reduction in inflammation in the group treated with 1.25 mg/g BW (P2) Malek seed extract was not significantly different from the 2.5 mg/g BW (P3) treatment of Malek seed extract. The results of histological observations of mice's feet showed that the extract of Malek seeds did not have a significant effect on the thickness of the carrageenan-induced mice leg integument.

Karakter Morfologi Dan Anatomi Sawilangit (Vernonia Cinera L.) Pada Ketinggian Yang Berbeda

Vernonia cinerea L. (sawilangit) is a wild plant that has potential as a medicinal plant because of the secondary metabolites in each organ. This research aimed to explore the morphological and anatomical characters of the sawilangit that grow at different altitudes in Banyumas, Cilacap, and Purbalingga. Plant samples were taken using the purposive random sampling method at an altitude of <350 masl, 350–700 masl, and >700 masl. Sawilangit growing at <350 masl has superior morphological and anatomical characters than sawilangit growing at the other two altitudes, which have the characteristics of taller, wider leaf, larger stem diameters, and darker flower color. The observation on quantitative of morphological and anatomical characters showed that sawilangit at <350 masl has an average height of 66.17 cm, root diameter of 0.33 cm, stem diameter 0.32 cm, leaf length and width of 5.7 cm and 2.14 cm, and stomata index of 0.28. These results indicated that altitude <350 masl is suitable for sawilangit growth because it can produce optimal morphological and anatomical characteristics.

Studi Morfologi, Ontogeni, Dan Strategi Reproduksi Pada Melanoides Tuberculata (Müller , 1774) Dan Stenomelania Punctata (Lamarck, 1822) (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae)

The freshwater Melanoides tuberculata (Thiarid) has wide distribution and have many variation in color, size, and scluptured of their shells. Comparing with another Thiarid so called Stenomelania punctata, shell of M. tuberculata similar in having turreted shape, blackish color, number of whorls, and size of the shells. This study aim to compare more detailed between M. tuberculata and S. punctata based on their morphology, ontogeny and type of reproduction. Ontogeny studies of these two species show that M. tuberculata produces juveniles in embryonic shell form during their reproduction. This embryonic shell is nourished and developed in the subhaemocoelic brood-pouch organ as evidenced by being found in the size range 0.12–5.95 mm. One individu M. tuberculata can produce 1–66 embryonic shells. Meanwhile, in subhaemocoelic brood-pouch of S. punctata only the unshell embryo was seen and embryonic shell was not found. The difference of reproduction system determines the reproductive strategy in both species. M. tuberculata conduct euviviparity reproduction whereas S. punctata is ovoviviparous that releases juveniles in free-swimming veliger form.

Effectiveness of Frangipani Leaf Extract (Plumeria alba Linn.) as a UV Filter

UV filters are necessary since UV rays are harmful to human skin. UV filter compounds in commercial sunscreen products can cause adverse effects. Thus, natural UV filters containing flavonoids, e.g. Frangipani (Plumeria alba Linn.) leaves, are needed. This research examined the use of flavonoids from P. alba leaf as a UV filter with in vitro and in vivo. Maceration was performed with 70% ethyl alco-hol and liquid-liquid extraction for flavonoid purification. Parameters tested were total flavonoid compounds, SPF value, and clinical symptoms of the melanogenesis inhibition scoring. The purification result was 43.6%. The flavonoid concentration in pure extract (64.4 mg QE /g) was higher than crude extract (57.6 mg QE/g). The highest SPF value (33.88) was observed in pure extract at 1400 mg/mL, while the same concentration of crude extract resulted in a lower SPF value (33.06). Pearson correlation analysis (0.536) indicated a di-rectly proportional relationship between SPF value and extract concentration. In vivo analysis was performed by scoring between 0-4 following the severity of erythema. After 21 days of sunlight exposure, the worst erythema was found in the negative control group (score 1.292). The best result was found in the group treated with pure extract 1400 mg/ml (score 0.542).

THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM STRESS ON MICRO-ANATOMICAL PROFILE OF CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.)

Chromium contamination can affect morphological, physiological, and anatomical changes, especially in chili vegetative organs. This research aims to understand micro-anatomical structure of the vegetative organs of chili subjected to chromium stress. The aim of the research is to know whether there is a micro-anatomical character difference between contaminated and uncontaminated chromium. The experimental methods using a completely randomized design (CRD). The independent variable is five levels of chromium concentration, i.e., 0; 50; 100; 200; and 300 ppm. The method of preparing anatomical preparations of the stem using a non-embedding and embedding method. The parameters observed in root and stem are organ diameter, xylem, thick of epidermis, and cortex. In contrast, leaf organ parameter includes thick cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, stomata size (length and width), and stomatal number. The research results showed that organ anatomical structure, i.e., root, stem, and leaf in chromium stress condition did not change. Chromium deposition causes a decrease in root diameter, xylem, thick cortex roots, stem diameter, xylem, the thickness of the epidermis and cortex, leaf epidermal thickness, mesophyll, size of stomata width and number. In contrast, the chromium stress causes an increase in the thickness of the root epidermis (43,18%), cuticle thickness (36,36%), and leaf stomata length (33,33%) of chili as chromium concentrations increase. The anatomical structure of chili leaves changes after being contaminated chromium stress.

PENGARUH MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix) TERHADAP DINDING SEL BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

Kaffir lime leaves essential oil has activity to inhibit bacterial growth. The mechanism of the inhibition is thought to be located in thebacterial cell wall. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial work location of kaffir lime leaf essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Kaffir lime leaves were distilled by steam distillation, essential oils obtained were identified by organoleptic quality, evaporation, solubility in alcohol, refractive index and specific gravity. The results were compared under with the literature. The results of essential oils were made with various concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.13, 1.56, 0.73, 0.39, and 0.20%. The results of the concentration series were tested for antibacterial activity with the macrodilution method followed by the determination for the location of bacterial growth inhibition using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The yield of kaffir lime leaf essential oil was 0.82%. The observation of organoleptic essential oil has a light yellow color, the distinctive odor of kaffir lime, a liquid form, and distinctive lime taste. Refractive index examination resulted 1.454; specific gravity 0.8317, and soluble in 70% ethanol with a ratio of 1:1. The Minimum BactericidalConcentration (MBC) obtained from the antibacterial activity test was 6.25%. Kaffir lime leaves essential oil mechanism occurred in the cell walls and cell membranes of Staphylococcus aureus.