Brief Answer to the Big Questions میں تخلیق کائنات کے ملحدانہ دلائل کا تنقیدی جائزہ

Atheism is a major topic of discussion in modern time. Critical study of Contemporary atheist literature is a bona-fide task for the emerging researchers for the decontamination of Muslim youth. On the basis of Rationality, Empiricism and critical thinking, brains are draining toward the realm of non-religions. Every person born on the nature of Islam but onward adopt the prevailing doctrines. In the past century an overwhelming critique has been put in academic field by the new atheists in favouring atheism in masquerading by science. Science has nothing to do with supernatural or metaphysical phenomena. Atheism is being attributed to modernity. Considering overwhelming scientific attacks by contemporary atheist, it is the need of the hour to tackle account seriously and use Islamic doctrine to cope the penetrating insurgency of atheist through in Islamic world. Stephen hawking (late) is a famous theoretical physicist and has imparted a valuable influential thoughts regarding origin of time, origin of universe and other hot cosmological and physical issues. Brief answers to the big questions are his last compilation. He argues that for interpretation of origin of Universe nothing has to be with personal God. Instead of attributing God, he attributes the laws of nature for the origin of universe. He argues that it was “time” that causes the universe to begin. He mixed up mythical accounts with the creation accounts as described by the revelation of different religions. In first chapter, he focused on the question: Is there a God? He deliberately asked the question and mentioned that science has the capacity to answer that very question. He argues that before creation of universe God does not have “time” to initiate or trigger and creation process and hence God does not exit. Hawking arguments regarding origin of Universe and existence of God has been critically analysed.

Black Hole Evaporation: Sparsity in Analogue and General Relativistic Space-Times

<p>Our understanding of black holes changed drastically, when Stephen Hawking discovered their evaporation due to quantum mechanical processes. One core feature of this effect, later named after him, is both its similarity and simultaneous dissimilarity to classical black body radiation as known from thermodynamics: A black hole’s spectrum certainly looks like that of a black (or at least grey) body, yet the number of emitted particles per unit time differs greatly. However it is precisely this emission rate that determines — together with the frequency of the emitted radiation — whether the resulting radiation field behaves classical or non-classical. It has been known nearly since the Hawking effect’s discovery that the radiation of a black hole is in this sense non-classical (unlike the radiation of a classical black or grey body). However, this has been an utterly underappreciated property. In order to give a more readily quantifiable picture of this, we introduced the notion of ‘sparsity’, which is easily evaluated, and interpreted, and agrees with more rigorous results despite a semi-classical, semi-analytical origin. Sadly, and much to relativists’ chagrin, astrophysical black holes (and their Hawking evaporation) have a tendency to be observationally elusive entities. Luckily, Hawking’s derivation lends itself to reformulations that survive outside its astrophysical origin — all one needs, are three things: a universal speed limit (like the speed of sound, the speed of light, the speed of surface waves, . . . ), a notion of a horizon (the ‘black hole’), and lastly a sprinkle of quantum dynamics on top. With these ingredients at hand, the last thirty-odd years have seen a lot of work to transfer Hawking radiation into the laboratory, using a range of physical models. These range from fluid mechanics, over electromagnetism, to Bose–Einstein condensates, and beyond. A large part of this thesis was then aimed at providing electromagnetic analogues to prepare an analysis of our notion of sparsity in this new paradigm. For this, we developed extensively a purely algebraic (kinematical) analogy based on covariant meta-material electrodynamics, but also an analytic (dynamical) analogy based on stratified refractive indices. After introducing these analogue space-time models, we explain why the notion of sparsity (among other things) is much</p>

Black Hole Evaporation: Sparsity in Analogue and General Relativistic Space-Times

<p>Our understanding of black holes changed drastically, when Stephen Hawking discovered their evaporation due to quantum mechanical processes. One core feature of this effect, later named after him, is both its similarity and simultaneous dissimilarity to classical black body radiation as known from thermodynamics: A black hole’s spectrum certainly looks like that of a black (or at least grey) body, yet the number of emitted particles per unit time differs greatly. However it is precisely this emission rate that determines — together with the frequency of the emitted radiation — whether the resulting radiation field behaves classical or non-classical. It has been known nearly since the Hawking effect’s discovery that the radiation of a black hole is in this sense non-classical (unlike the radiation of a classical black or grey body). However, this has been an utterly underappreciated property. In order to give a more readily quantifiable picture of this, we introduced the notion of ‘sparsity’, which is easily evaluated, and interpreted, and agrees with more rigorous results despite a semi-classical, semi-analytical origin. Sadly, and much to relativists’ chagrin, astrophysical black holes (and their Hawking evaporation) have a tendency to be observationally elusive entities. Luckily, Hawking’s derivation lends itself to reformulations that survive outside its astrophysical origin — all one needs, are three things: a universal speed limit (like the speed of sound, the speed of light, the speed of surface waves, . . . ), a notion of a horizon (the ‘black hole’), and lastly a sprinkle of quantum dynamics on top. With these ingredients at hand, the last thirty-odd years have seen a lot of work to transfer Hawking radiation into the laboratory, using a range of physical models. These range from fluid mechanics, over electromagnetism, to Bose–Einstein condensates, and beyond. A large part of this thesis was then aimed at providing electromagnetic analogues to prepare an analysis of our notion of sparsity in this new paradigm. For this, we developed extensively a purely algebraic (kinematical) analogy based on covariant meta-material electrodynamics, but also an analytic (dynamical) analogy based on stratified refractive indices. After introducing these analogue space-time models, we explain why the notion of sparsity (among other things) is much</p>

The progress of mini black holes: principles and analytical astronomical observation techniques

Mini-black hole (MBH) is a concept first proposed by Stephen Hawking in the 1970s. Normally, exploring MBHs will enhance the understanding of quantum theory and gravity theory as well as be helpful in predicting the configuration of the early universe. Based on information retrieval, this paper summarizes the progress of MBHs and takes three major aspects: background, models, practical methods for observations, and analysis. Specifically, the descriptive equations are derived, and different models are discussed separately. These results shed light on the prospective development of quantum field theorem, general relativity, and string theory.

Ideology of Stephen Hawking’s speech entitled “The universe’’ on Ted Talks

A speech become a media to deliver an idea and thoughts which lead someone to show an ideology which reflected on the utterances. The aim of this research was find out the Ideology of Stephen Hawking that was reflected on his speech entitled ‘The Universe’ which uploaded on TEDTalks through the use of illocutionary act. The research method used was descriptive qualitative to get deep analysis by using note taking technique and the data was analyzed by using an approach of critical discourse analysis by Fairclough. This research utilized Speech Act by Austin (1962 and Searle (1977). The results showed that Stephen gave a lot of information from what he has known and proved about the universe then emphasized to the viewer that Big Bang is the beginning of the universe. It is supported by illocutionary act which used by Stephen Hawking, about 33,33% from the whole utterances the speaker used representative illocutionary act in act of informing.

Human Rights and Space: Reflections on the Implications of Human Activity in Outer Space on Human Rights Law

What are the implications of human activity in outer space for international human rights law? In this article, we reflect on these questions with a view to advancing dialogue on the intersection between space law and human rights. We do so by considering the impact of extra-terrestrial human activities such as access to space and remote-sensing activities, space debris, space mining, the weaponisation and militarization of space, and the assertion of criminal jurisdiction extra-terrestrially. Ultimately, we conclude that human activity in space has significant consequences for the advancement of human rights. While, in our view, existing legal frameworks on international human rights law apply extra-terrestrially, there is still scope for specialist frameworks guarding human rights law in the context of human activity in outer space. "To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the human spirit." ~ Stephen Hawking, Astrophysicist "Space is for everybody. It's not just for a few people in science or math, or for a select group of astronauts. That's our new frontier out there, and it's everybody's business to know about space." ~ Christa McAuliffe, Teacher and Challenger Astronaut

Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.