CBD: A New Divergence Measure for Complex Mass Function and its Application in Pattern Recognition

The theory of complex mass function is an effective method to deal with uncertainty information, and it is a generalized of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. However, divergence measure is still an open issue in the realm of complex mass function theory. The main contribution of our paper is to propose a generalized divergence measure for complex mass function that is called complex belief divergence (CBD),which has the properties of symmetry, nonnegativity, nondegeneracy. When complex mass function degenerates into classical mass function, the CBD will degenerate into classical belief divergence, which has a better ability to measure uncertainty of information. Finally, a pattern recognition algorithm based on CBD is designed and applied to a medical diagnosis problem, which proves its practical prospect.

Sequential radiological and surgical management of tubo-ovarian abscess: a success story

A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a complex mass of infectious etiology in the adnexa forming as a sequela of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). If the abscess ruptures, there is a risk of life-threatening infection. Thus, it requires great degree of suspicion for the correct diagnosis followed by prompt evaluation and treatment. This case is reported with the aim to describe the unusual presentation of TOA without a significant history of PID and the unconventional way of TOA drainage.

Interface junctions in QCD${}_4$

We study 3+1 dimensional SU(N)SU(N) Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) with N_fNf degenerate quarks that have a spatially varying complex mass. It leads to a network of interfaces connected by interface junctions. We use anomaly inflow to constrain these defects. Based on the chiral Lagrangian and the conjectures on the interfaces, characterized by a spatially varying \thetaθ-parameter, we propose a low-energy description of such networks of interfaces. Interestingly, we observe that the operators in the effective field theories on the junctions can carry baryon charges, and their spin and isospin representations coincide with baryons. We also study defects, characterized by spatially varying coupling constants, in 2+1 dimensional Chern-Simons-matter theories and in a 3+1 dimensional real scalar theory.

Synthesis of alkyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes based on isoamylene fraction

Objectives. The study aims to analyze the dichlorocarbenation of the isoamylene fraction, which is a mixture of 2-methyl-butene-1 and 2-methyl-butene-2, in order to obtain the corresponding alkyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes in quantitative yield, and also to determine their structure.Methods. In order to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the reaction masses, the following analysis methods were used: gas-liquid chromatography (using the Crystal 2000 hardware complex), mass spectrometry (using a Chromatec-Crystal 5000M device with NIST 2012 database), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (using a Bruker AM-500 device at operating frequencies of 500 and 125 MHz).Results. Alkyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes were synthesized from an isoamylene fraction in the presence of catamine AB as a catalyst. Alternatively, isomeric alkenyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes were obtained on the basis of isoprene, and by reduction, the corresponding alkyl-gemdichlorocyclopropanes were synthesized. The synthesized substances were analyzed by gasliquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy, as previously mentioned above.Conclusions. The results show that the dichlorocyclopropanation of the isoamylene fraction proceeds quantitatively with the formation of a mixture of 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,1dichlorocyclopropane and 2,3,3-trimethyl-1,1-dichlorocyclopropane. Using isoprene, countersynthesis through successive dichlorocarbenation and hydrogenation was used to synthesize 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,1-dichlorocyclopropane, one of the products of dichlorocarbenation of the isoamylene fraction.