How Many Moods Are There in Polish? The Case of the Polish Subjunctive

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-289
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kaleta
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The present paper is concerned with the Polish construction introduced with the subordinating complementizer żeby. The construction is interesting for its mood properties, which have been subject of a long-standing debate in Polish linguistics. The paper explores the semantic range of the construction and illuminates its mood properties. More specifically, it argues that żeby clauses represent a subjunctive mood and as such should be distinguished from indicative and conditional constructions. This distinction is described in terms of Langacker’s model of control and Givón’s theory of semantic binding. It is argued that the żeby construction constitutes an intermediate category between indicative mood, which grants the speaker a high degree of control over a proposition described in the complement clause, on the one hand, and conditional mood, which situates a proposition outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of control, on the other. The paper also highlights the iconic and metonymic motivation behind the distribution of żeby clauses in present-day Polish.

scholarly journals XII. The kinetic theory of a gas constituted of spherically symmetrical molecules

1912 ◽  
Vol 211 (471-483) ◽  
pp. 433-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
The Real ◽  
Numerical Errors ◽  
Diffusion Of Knowledge ◽  
Descriptive Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical Reasons ◽  
High Degree

The principal kinetic theories of a gas proceed either on the hypothesis that the molecules are rigid elastic spheres, or that they are point centres of forces which vary inversely as the fifth power of the distance. Maxwell has worked out the consequences of the letter hypothesis in his well-known theory, which is unrivalled in its high degree of accuracy and (after some improvements by Boltzmann) in its perfection of mathematical form. All the quantities not taken account of in the theory (such as the time occupied by molecular encounters, and the effect of collisions in which more than two molecules take part) are properly negligible under ordinary conditions. The theory has the disadvantage, however, that the underlying hypothesis is highly artificial (being chosen chiefly on account of mathematical simplifications connected with it, rather than from any physical reasons), and does not represent the real facts at all adequately. The other hypothesis referred to seems to be much more in agreement with fact, but its consequences have been worked out less accurately. The method which has almost always been used is the one originally devised by Clausius and Maxwell; Maxwell abandoned it later, however, as it had “led him at times into grave error.” In spite of its apparent simplicity, numerical errors of large amount may undoubtedly creep in in a very subtle way. Hence the theory of a gas whose molecules are elastic spheres remains in a rather unsatisfactory state. As a “descriptive” theory (to use Meyer’s apt term) it has, however, served a useful purpose; the general laws of gaseous phenomena have been developed by its aid in an elementary way, which has conduced to a wider diffusion of knowledge of the kinetic theory than would have been possible if the sole line of development had been by the more mathematical and accurate methods used by Maxwell and Boltzmann.

Control and dominion: Factivity and mood choice in Spanish

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Additional Analysis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Initial Classification ◽  
Mood Choice

AbstractThe present paper analyses the meaning of Spanish mood in factive contexts from a Cognitive Grammar perspective. It is argued that terms like assertion and presupposition do not explain the semantics of the subjunctive. Rather, they constitute an initial classification for finding a conceptually grounded explanation of it. The hypothesis is put forward that mood choice in factive contexts can be explained by the elaboration of Maldonado's (1995) notions of dominion and control. On the one hand, the conceptualizer has a low degree of effective control over the described event in presupposed contexts where the subjunctive mood occurs. On the other hand, presupposed contexts with the verb in the indicative mood equates with epistemic control over the described event. Thus, it is argued that the meaning of the subjunctive mood is related to the conceptualizer's epistemic dominion, and to the dominion of effective control. An additional analysis of the subjunctive mood in volitional, causative and perceptual contexts corroborates the initial claim.

scholarly journals ON THE PROBLEM OF INVOLVING TEACHERS IN RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Светлана Ивановна Поздеева
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Educational Innovations ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
High Degree

Ставится вопрос о том, как вовлекать преподавателей педагогического университета в исследовательскую деятельность и применять результаты этой деятельности в образовательном процессе вуза. Показано, чем вовлеченность как высшее проявление субъектности человека отличается от активности. Выделены два уровня вовлеченности: уровень участия в деятельности и уровень влияния на ее содержание, протекание и результаты. Обоснованы сложности, возникающие у преподавателя, который пытается продолжать заниматься наукой после защиты диссертации. Это противоречие между высокой степенью исследовательской свободы и автономности, с одной стороны, и необходимостью ответственности и самоорганизации в исследовательском поиске – с другой. Выделены факторы, определяющие вовлеченность в исследование: исследовательская «зоркость», участие в образовательных инновациях и изучение их эффектов, постоянная обратная связь педагога со студентами для корректировки профессиональных проб и усиления их образовательных результатов. Делается вывод о необходимости и возможности преподавателей влиять на формирование актуальной научной повестки и тем самым обогащать образовательное содержание профессиональной подготовки будущих педагогов. The question is raised about how to involve teachers of a pedagogical University in research activities and apply the results of this activity in the educational process of the University. It is shown how involvement as the highest manifestation of human subjectivity differs from activity. Two levels of involvement are identified: the level of participation in the activity and the level of influence on its content, course and results. The author substantiates the difficulties that arise for a teacher who tries to continue studying science after defending his dissertation. This is a contradiction between a high degree of research freedom and autonomy, on the one hand, and the need for responsibility and self-organization in research search, on the other. The factors that determine involvement in research are highlighted: research “vigilance”, participation in educational innovations and studying their effects, constant feedback from the teacher with students to adjust professional tests and enhance their educational results. The author draws attention to the fact that one’s own research trajectory can be interpreted as a kind of educational trajectory of a University teacher. It is concluded that it is necessary and possible for teachers to influence the formation of a relevant scientific agenda for them and thereby enrich the educational content of professional training of future teachers.

Protective Effect of Warfarin in Arterial Thrombosis: Evidence from a Vascular Prosthesis Model in Rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (04) ◽  
pp. 821-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ine Reyers ◽  
Giovanni de Gaetano ◽  
Maria Benedetta Donati
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Vascular Prosthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antithrombotic Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

SummaryThree different schedules of treatment with warfarin were studied in rats bearing a polyethylene cannula in their abdominal aorta. The time of occlusion of the vascular prosthesis was significantly prolonged when warfarin was started 24 hr previously, at the time of loop insertion or 24 hr later. When the drug treatment was started 24 hr before insertion of the loop, however, a high degree of toxicity was observed. The animals of this group that died of hemorrhage had significantly lower mean thrombotest levels.On the other hand, the correlation between occlusion of the loop and level of anticoagulation was not as simple as one might anticipate; on the one hand, severe anticoagulation did not protect all of the rats from loop occlusion, but, on the other hand, recovery from hypocoagulability was not always immediately followed by occlusion of the loop.In order to better elucidate the mechanism of the antithrombotic effect of warfarin, we also assessed the effect of the drug on platelet-vessel wall interaction by the template bleeding time. A close association existed between warfarin-induced hypocoagulability and prolongation of the bleeding time.These observations may constitute the experimental basis for a better understanding of the antithrombotic effect of warfarin in some arterial diseases and in myocardial infarction.

Operation and Efficiency of Automatically Operating Weir Structures – A Contribution to Cleaner Waters

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1221
Author(s):  
E. Macke
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Constant Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Low Head ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Receiving Water

The automatically operating weir structures presented are simple, largely maintenance-free structures which, when used as control elements in storm overflows, offer considerable advantages over the fixed weir sills. Irrespective of the intensity of rainfalls, these weirs do not discharge any surplus water into the receiving water, unless a maximum possible water level has been reached, which is then maintained at a virtually constant level until the floods subside. The maximum possible water level, the so-called impounding head, will be determined in such a way that, on the one hand, the sewer capacity will be fully utilized, and, on the other, any undesirable backwater in the sewer system can be precluded. The weirs are not only suited for installation in new structures, but may also be integrated in existing ones. Time and cost consuming constructional measures can be dispensed with, as the weirs can, owing to their configuration - they are composed of individual segments - be passed through the existing manholes. They allow considerable additional sewer capacities to be activated, in particular in low-head sewer systems, so that the installation of high-cost retaining basins, which normally require a high degree of maintenance, can either be limited or dispensed with altogether. As the receiving water will be affected only when a given impounding head has been reached, the amount of combined sewage discharged can be reduced to a minimum.

Approaches and Tools to Optimize and Manage Clinical Processes

2011 ◽  
pp. 39-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Herrler ◽  
Christian HeIne
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Process Management ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Scheduling ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

There are several continuing challenges within the health-care domain. On the one hand, there is a greater need for individualized, patient-oriented processes in diagnostics, therapy, nursing, and administration; and on the other hand, hospitals have extremely distributed decision processes and strong local (individual) autonomy with a high degree of situational dynamics. This research focuses on how to optimize processes in hospitals by using agent-based simulation and agent-based information systems that can substantially increase the efficiency of hospital process management. In particular, we describe a methodology for optimization; the ingredients of the simulation and the architecture of a management system; and the integration of existing FIPA, DICOM, and HL7 standards. We discuss example scenarios to show how simulation can improve distributed scheduling and how agent-based systems can be used to manage “clinical trials.” This research is part of the German Priority Research Program (SPP) 1083 “Intelligent Agents and their application in business scenarios.”

Adam Smith on What Is Wrong with Economic Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS C. RASMUSSEN
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Commercial Society ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

This article explores Adam Smith's attitude toward economic inequality, as distinct from the problem of poverty, and argues that he regarded it as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, as has often been recognized, Smith saw a high degree of economic inequality as an inevitable result of a flourishing commercial society, and he considered a certain amount of such inequality to be positively useful as a means of encouraging productivity and bolstering political stability. On the other hand, it has seldom been noticed that Smith also expressed deep worries about some of the other effects of extreme economic inequality—worries that are, moreover, interestingly different from those that dominate contemporary discourse. In Smith's view, extreme economic inequality leads people to sympathize more fully and readily with the rich than the poor, and this distortion in our sympathies in turn undermines both morality and happiness.

VIII. On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe

1866 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 113-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

T he present paper is intended to be the first of a series on the Anatomy of the Vertebrate Skull; and I have chosen the cranium and face of the Ostriches as a startingpoint, principally because of the mid position of these birds in the vertebrate subkingdom, and, in some degree also, because of their generalized character. Indeed, to any one familiar, on the one hand, with the structure of the skull in the higher mammalian types, and on the other with that of the osseous fishes, the skull of an Ostrich is interesting and important in a very high degree; serving, at it does, as a key to open up the meaning of parts so extremely unlike as the true homologues in the Fish and in the Mammal often are. And further, whilst aiding the anatomist in revealing the true morphological counterparts in the highest, as compared with the lowest types, the skull of an ostrich does also form a link of the utmost value for connecting together that of a cold-blooded and that of a warm-blooded creature.

scholarly journals Sammenhenger mellom opplevd kontroll fra foreldre og vold mot barn og ungdom

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Else-Marie Augusti ◽  
Gertrud Sofie Hafstad
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Parental Control ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Autonomy Development ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
General Experience ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

In this chapter we explore the associations between parental control behaviors and domestic violence. Limited autonomy in adolescence has been linked to child abuse. Autonomy is a primary developmental task in adolescence, and a successful resolution of this task is associated with well-being and adaptation in adult life. However, autonomy does not develop in isolation, but rather in the context of parents’ support on the one hand or parental control on the other, the latter hampers autonomy development in children and adolescents. The present chapter is based on a large national prevalence study on child abuse and neglect among 12–16-year-olds in Norway (N = 9240). In line with parenting standards in Norway, findings suggest that Norwegian adolescents in general experience a low degree of control. However, a high degree of controlling behaviors from parents is associated with both physical and psychological abuse. Age is not associated with degree of control, except for a decrease in parental supervision with age. Findings are discussed in light of parents’ country of origin.

Transplanting Irrationality from Public to Private Law: Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Himsworth
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Uk Supreme Court ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Discretionary Powers

For many years, similarities have been noticed between the motivations for, and the methods of, controlling the exercise of discretionary powers on the one hand, in public law and, on the other hand, in contract law. There has, however, been much disagreement about how far the two processes should aligned, and whether the grounds of review in public law should be extended into the contractual domain. In Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd [2015] UKSC 17, the UK Supreme Court sought a high degree of alignment through the adoption, in a contractual dispute, of public law standards of reasonableness. This article offers a critique of the Court's arguments in the case and its consequences for contract law.

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