A Boltzmann Machine Optimizing Dynamic Routing for FANETs

Routing optimization for FANETs is a kind of NP-hard in the field of combinatorial optimization that describes simple and difficult to handle. The quality of routing has a direct impact on the network quality of FANETs, and the design of routing protocols becomes a very challenging topic in FANETs. In this paper, we study the characteristics of dynamic routing, combine the characteristics of FANETs themselves, use the energy of nodes, bandwidth, link stability, etc. as the metric of routing, and use Boltzmann machine for routing search to form an optimized dynamic routing protocol. The NS3 simulation simulator is used to compare and study with traditional MANET dynamic routing AODV and DSR, and the simulation results show that the routes obtained by using Boltzmann machine search are better than AODV and DSR in many aspects such as end-to-end average delay, average route survival time and control overhead.

A Hybrid and Robust Delay and Link Stability Aware (DLSA) Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Ad-hoc Networks (UAANETs)

Unmanned Aerial Ad-hoc Network (UAANET) also knows as by the name of Flying Ad-hoc NETwork (FANET) is a new class of Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) in which the nodes move in three dimensional (3-D) ways in the air simultaneously. These nodes are known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are operated live remotely or by pre-defined mechanism which involve no human personnel. Due to high mobility of nodes and dynamic topology, the link stability is a research challenge in FANET. From this viewpoint, recent research has focused on link stability with highest threshold value by maximizing Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and minimizing End-to-End Delay (E2ED). In this research, a hybrid scheme named Delay and Link Stability Aware (DLSA) routing scheme has been proposed with the contrast of Distributed Priority Tree-based Routing (DPTR) and Link Stability Estimation-based Routing (LEPR) FANET’s existing routing schemes. Unlike existing schemes, the proposed scheme possesses the features in collaborative data forwarding and link stability by merging the positive features of DPTR and LEPR. The link stability via maximum threshold value has been introduced to acquire and select the most feasible route from source to destination. The simulation was carried out using Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) tool for the concerned research. Simulation results have showed improved performance of the proposed protocol in contrast to the selected existing ones in terms of E2ED, PDR, Network Lifetime and Transmission Loss. Average E2ED in (milliseconds) of DLSA measured 0.457, while DPTR was 1.492 and LEPR was 1.006. Similarly, Average PDR (in %age) of DLSA measured 3.106, while DPTR was 2.303 and LEPR was 0.682. Average Network Lifetime in (seconds) for DLSA measured 62.141, while DPTR was 23.036 and LEPR was 27.298. Average Transmission Loss in (dBm) for DLSA measured 0.975, while DPTR was 1.053 and LEPR was 1.227.

A Genetic-Algorithm-Based Optimization Routing for FANETs

In view of the characteristics of high mobility of FANETs nodes, combined with the features of Topology-based class routing protocol on-demand search, a Genetic-algorithm-based routing (GAR) protocol is proposed for FANETs which based on improved genetic algorithm for FANETs route search, and it taking into account the link stability, link bandwidth, node energy, and other factors. GAR improves the selection, crossover, and variation operators of the genetic algorithm so that GAR can finally plan an optimized route from the communication initiating node to the destination node quickly using a smaller cost. The experimental results show that GAR can largely improve the throughput, reduce the delay and improve the stability of the network, which is more suitable for FANETs.

ANALYSIS OF MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR HEALTH CARE MONITORING SYSTEM

The most important technology we must concentrate on in the different application fields of WSN is health applications and the transmission reliability of health data in multi-hop communication. Short-term health signal failure may be fatal or life-threatening. The topology of an ad hoc network changes regularly due to the node movement and communication in those scenarios depend on the path selected for transfer of information. Since all the nodes are battery-powered, energy-efficient routing should be provided to extend the network's life. In MANET's critical issues include energy usage, QoS (Quality of Services), vulnerability to attacks, and connection stability. Link stability is a topic that needs to be addressed in order to improve communication. Since radio links are generally varied due to node mobility, Link Stability is important to extend the life time. This work gives comparison of three existing multicasting routing protocols that can be used in health monitoring systems. MAODV, LSP-MAODV and PN-SEMRP are compared using NS2 simulation. PN-SEMRP shows better results when compared to the other mechanisms