A Grammatical Description of Leteh Nominal Morphology

The paper describes Leteh nominal morphology within the framework of Basic Linguistic Theory (Dixon 2010; Dryer 2006). The nominal morphology is described in the context of two phenomena: number marking and noun classification. Leteh is a South-Guan language from the Niger-Congo family of languages. The morphology of Leteh is largely agglutinative. Güldemann and Fiedler (2019) argue that current analyses of gender systems are heavily influenced by those in Bantu languages and not cross-linguistically applicable. They propose an alternative analysis that includes the notions agreement class and nominal form class. In this paper I adopt the notion of nominal form class to classify nouns in Leteh. The nouns are grouped into four major classes based on the plural morphemes that they take. These classes are subdivided based on the singular forms with which they are paired. Key words: verbal prefixes, Kwa, tense/ aspect, negation, person, mood, motion Note: Changes were made to the title and abstract of this article after publication, on 9/20/2021.

Reassessing gender in Ogbe-Oloma

We re-assess the gender system of Ogbe-Oloma, an Edoid village variety of Nigeria. System exponents are prefixes that define form class and reflect grammatical number. We find that eight agreement classes undergird fourteen genders, while seventeen nominal form classes frame twenty-five number inflections. Prefix mapping from inflection to gender is non-isomorphic. Mapping is however constrained by syllable shape, CV- versus V-, and alliterative sound quality of prefix consonant, not vowel. In addition, several number inflections trigger agreement in multiple genders leading to one gender that exclusively refers to nouns with human reference.

The gender system of Longuda

This article describes the gender system of Longuda. Longuda class marking is alliterative and does not distinguish between nominal form and agreement marking. While it thus appears to be a prototypical example of a traditional Niger-Congo “noun-class” system, this identity of gender encoding makes it look morpho-syntactic rather than lexical. This points to a formerly independent status of the exponents of nominal classification, which is similar to a classifier system and thus less canonical. Both types of class marking hosts involve two formally and functionally differing allomorphs, which inform the historical reconstruction of Longuda noun classification in various ways.

The gender system of Anii

The present paper describes the gender system of Anii, a Na-Togo language spoken in Benin and Togo. Anii has a full-fledged and productive gender system that consists of 10 agreement classes. It also provides 10 nominal form classes that are not fully identical with the agreement classes. The assignment of gender follows largely morphological criteria, but the prevalent principle for the current classification system is the division of nouns along the animacy hierarchy.

A reappraisal of the species richness of Euneomys Coues 1874 (Rodentia, Cricetidae), with emendations of the type localities of Reithrodon fossor Thomas 1899 and Euneomys mordax Thomas 1912

The genus Euneomys is mostly distributed in the open environments of the central and southern Andes, adjacent Patagonian steppes of Argentina and Chile, and in several islands of the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago. This genus includes three living species: E. chinchilloides, E. fossor, and E. mordax. Euneomys fossor is a poorly known species, with an uncertain geographic provenance and known from a single specimen, whose distinction from the other species of the genus has not been accurately assessed. Here, using qualitative and quantitative morphological evidence, plus published information about karyotypes and genetic variation, we evaluate the taxonomic status of E. fossor and E. noei, a nominal form usually considered a synonym of E. mordax. Based on multivariate analysis of cranial measurements and morphological discrete traits, we recognize two main morphotypes within Euneomys, one referable to E. chinchilloides (with dabbenei, petersoni, and ultimus as synonyms), and another including E. fossor, E. mordax, and E. noei. The recognition of two major groups within Euneomys is also supported by molecular and chromosomal data. By the principle of the priority, the names of E. chinchilloides and E. fossor applies for each one of these morphotypes. In addition, after discussing the pros and cons of replacing the name mordax by fossor, we emended the type localities of both forms.

On the Form of Government in the Modern Russia within the Framework of the Constitutional Amendments of 2020

The article analyzes trends in the development of the theoretical construction of the form of government of the modern Russian state after amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020. Based on the analysis of the positions of leading Russian legal scholars on the issue of the form of the Republic of modern Russia, the conclusion is made that the changes made to the Basic law of the country in the summer of 2020 predetermined an even greater gap between the real and nominal characteristics of the Russian form of government. The author considers it possible to agree with the opinion of legal experts who define the nominal form of government of the Russian Federation as a presidential-parliamentary Republic with a dominant position of the President in the system of higher state authorities. The analysis of the constitutional amendments of 2020 shows that in practice, due to the real correlation between the branches of state power, the highest state bodies, and direct and inverse relations between state bodies and the population, the form of government in modern Russia can be defined as a special type of presidential Republic.

Penutup Aurat bagi Perempuan Transgender dalam Hukum Islam

This study describes the review of Islamic law related to the sale and purchase of workdays conducted by factory workers Oil palm Fabrique in Simpang Nibung Rawas Village, South Sumatra Province. This paper is field research by interviewing 13 factory workers to get an overview of buying and selling working days. This study also uses a literature review from Islamic legal sources and MUI fatwas to explain the appropriateness of buying and selling working days with Islamic legal principles. In practice, buying and selling working days is not following the provisions of the MUI DSN Fatwa because the ujrah imposed on the seller is determined by one party, the buyer, and the amount of the ujrah is expressed in terms of percentage rather than in nominal form. Besides, there is a mechanism that causes the transaction to contain gharar elements such as the sale of working days that are not yet owned, and the presence of gharar elements creates a new element, namely usury. Sales of working days that are not yet owned by workers cause at the end of the agreement the seller is required to pay the principal receivables accompanied by profits determined by the buyer that can be equated with borrowing money with interest. This research suggests that factory workers borrow funds from Islamic financial institutions that are more in line with Islamic legal guidance This research suggests factory workers not to continue the practice of buying and selling weekdays because there are elements of gharar and usury in it and to consider Islamic financial institutions and zakat institutions as a solution for lending funds.AbstrakPenelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai kajian Hukum Islam terkait jual beli hari kerja yang dilakukan oleh buruh pabrik CV. Sawit yang ada di DesaSimpang Nibung Rawas, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan mewancarai 13 buruh pabrik untuk mendapatkan gambaran praktik jual beli hari kerja. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan literature review dari sumber-sumber hukum Islam dan fatwa MUI dalam menjelaskan kesesuaian praktik jual beli hari kerja dengan prinsip hukum Islam. Dalam praktiknya jual beli hari kerja tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan Fatwa DSN MUI karena ujrah yang dikenakan kepada penjual ditentukan oleh satu pihak yaitu pembeli dan besarnya keuntungan dinyatakan dengan bentuk prosentase dan bukan dalam bentuk nominal. Selain itu, terdapat alur mekanisme yang menyebabkan bahwa transaksi tersebut mengandung unsur gharar seperti penjualan hari kerja yang belum dimiliki, serta adanya unsur gharar tersebut menimbulkan unsur baru yaitu riba. Penjualan hari kerja yang belum dimiliki oleh buruh menyebabkan saat akhir perjanjian penjual diharuskan membayar pokok piutang disertai keuntungan yang di tentukan oleh pembeli yang dapat disamakan dengan peminjaman uang dengan bunga. Penelitian ini menyarankan para buruh pabrik untuk tidak melanjutkan praktik jual beli hari kerja karena terdapat unsur gharar dan riba yang diharamkan dalam Islam serta mempertimbangkan lembaga keuangan syariah dan lembaga zakat sebagai solusi peminjaman dana.

Tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap Praktik Jual Beli Hari Kerja oleh Buruh Pabrik

This study describes the review of Islamic law related to the sale and purchase of workdays conducted by factory workers Oil palm Fabrique in Simpang Nibung Rawas Village, South Sumatra Province. This paper is field research by interviewing 13 factory workers to get an overview of buying and selling working days. This study also uses a literature review from Islamic legal sources and MUI fatwas to explain the appropriateness of buying and selling working days with Islamic legal principles. In practice, buying and selling working days is not following the provisions of the MUI DSN Fatwa because the ujrah imposed on the seller is determined by one party, the buyer, and the amount of the ujrah is expressed in terms of percentage rather than in nominal form. Besides, there is a mechanism that causes the transaction to contain gharar elements such as the sale of working days that are not yet owned, and the presence of gharar elements creates a new element, namely usury. Sales of working days that are not yet owned by workers cause at the end of the agreement the seller is required to pay the principal receivables accompanied by profits determined by the buyer that can be equated with borrowing money with interest. This research suggests that factory workers borrow funds from Islamic financial institutions that are more in line with Islamic legal guidance This research suggests factory workers not to continue the practice of buying and selling weekdays because there are elements of gharar and usury in it and to consider Islamic financial institutions and zakat institutions as a solution for lending funds.AbstrakPenelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai kajian Hukum Islam terkait jual beli hari kerja yang dilakukan oleh buruh pabrik CV. Sawit yang ada di DesaSimpang Nibung Rawas, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan mewancarai 13 buruh pabrik untuk mendapatkan gambaran praktik jual beli hari kerja. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan literature review dari sumber-sumber hukum Islam dan fatwa MUI dalam menjelaskan kesesuaian praktik jual beli hari kerja dengan prinsip hukum Islam. Dalam praktiknya jual beli hari kerja tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan Fatwa DSN MUI karena ujrah yang dikenakan kepada penjual ditentukan oleh satu pihak yaitu pembeli dan besarnya keuntungan dinyatakan dengan bentuk prosentase dan bukan dalam bentuk nominal. Selain itu, terdapat alur mekanisme yang menyebabkan bahwa transaksi tersebut mengandung unsur gharar seperti penjualan hari kerja yang belum dimiliki, serta adanya unsur gharar tersebut menimbulkan unsur baru yaitu riba. Penjualan hari kerja yang belum dimiliki oleh buruh menyebabkan saat akhir perjanjian penjual diharuskan membayar pokok piutang disertai keuntungan yang di tentukan oleh pembeli yang dapat disamakan dengan peminjaman uang dengan bunga. Penelitian ini menyarankan para buruh pabrik untuk tidak melanjutkan praktik jual beli hari kerja karena terdapat unsur gharar dan riba yang diharamkan dalam Islam serta mempertimbangkan lembaga keuangan syariah dan lembaga zakat sebagai solusi peminjaman dana.

To Be ‘An Out-of-the-Synagoguer’

Since J. Louis Martyn proposed that John reflected a two-level drama, there has been much criticism of his (anachronistic?) use of the Birkat Ha-Minim to explain the expulsion of Christians from the synagogue. Adele Reinhartz maintains that this is really a case of anti-synagogue propaganda on the part of the evangelist. Yet, in all the exegetical discussion, one aspect which is rarely examined is the nominal form of ἀποσυνάγωγος (Jn 9.22; 12.42; 16.2a), a strange term which Bible translations have to turn into a verb. This label appears to come from a Greek-speaking Jewish milieu, and its negativity is re-appropriated by the author of this Christian text. Social identity research provides an insight into how a positive approach to stigmatizing labels can allow a community to thrive. This can be applied to ἀποσυνάγωγος in John, an insult which actually demonstrates the validity of one’s faith and identity. It is good to be a reject.