Dialek Melayu Baling: Satu Pemerian Awal

Berdasarkan fakta, dialek di kawasan pedalaman memiliki sistem linguistik yang berbeza dengan sistem linguistik di kawasan bandar dan pekan. Salah satu dialek di kawasan pedalaman yang ditanggapi memiliki kelainan yang dimaksudkan ialah dialek Melayu yang dituturkan di daerah Baling, Kedah. Artikel ini bertujuan memaparkan pemerian sistem fonologi dialek Melayu tersebut dengan tumpuan terhadap pemerian fonem dan analisis beberapa ciri fonologi bagi mengesahkan dakwaan kelainannya. Pemerian fonem dilakukan berdasarkan kaedah yang ditetapkan dalam Basic Linguistic Theory; manakala analisis ciri fonologi pula dikerjakan dengan menerapkan kerangka dialektologi diakronik yang memfokuskan pemerian, perbandingan dan pengelompokan. Kewujudan konsonan [É£] dan proses fonologi seperti penyatuan nasal BMP *-am kepada [-an], penyatuan diftong BMP *-aw dan *-ay kepada [É”] selain pengekalan BMP *É£ di awal dan di antara vokal dan penggugurannya di akhir yang mengubah nilai vokal sebelumnya jelas menunjukkan bahawa dialek Melayu di Baling memerlukan kelihan yang berbeza daripada tanggapan pengkaji lepas. Kelihan yang dimaksudkan menegaskan bahawa dialek tersebut wajar dianggap sebagai dialek tersendiri yang memerlukan nomenklatur dan pengelompokan baharu daripada hanya sekadar dikelompokkan di bawah subdialek Melayu Kedah. Implikasi penemuan seperti ini secara tidak langsung menolak perspektif umum tentang pengelompokan dialek Melayu Semenanjung yang masih melihat kewujudan dialek tersendiri dalam sesebuah negeri dianggap sebagai "subdialek" kepada dialek negeri berkenaan.

Through space, relations, and thoughts

This paper aims to describe the morphosyntax and semantics of postpositions in Karijona, a Cariban language from Northwest Amazonia. The data, collected in the Karijona settlement of Puerto Nare (Colombia), were analyzed according to Basic Linguistic Theory and Cognitive Semantics. Like other Cariban languages, Karijona has a typologically unusual system of postpositions, which can cross-reference person and number, and form complex stems consisting of locative roots and locative suffixes. In terms of their semantics, the system distinguishes among spatial, relational, and ‘mental state’ postpositions. The first type encodes noun classification, orientation, and distance. While the second type has prototypical relational meanings, the third refers to cognitive and emotional states. This paper presents the first systematic description of the Karijona postpositions.

A Grammatical Description of Leteh Nominal Morphology

The paper describes Leteh nominal morphology within the framework of Basic Linguistic Theory (Dixon 2010; Dryer 2006). The nominal morphology is described in the context of two phenomena: number marking and noun classification. Leteh is a South-Guan language from the Niger-Congo family of languages. The morphology of Leteh is largely agglutinative. Güldemann and Fiedler (2019) argue that current analyses of gender systems are heavily influenced by those in Bantu languages and not cross-linguistically applicable. They propose an alternative analysis that includes the notions agreement class and nominal form class. In this paper I adopt the notion of nominal form class to classify nouns in Leteh. The nouns are grouped into four major classes based on the plural morphemes that they take. These classes are subdivided based on the singular forms with which they are paired. Key words: verbal prefixes, Kwa, tense/ aspect, negation, person, mood, motion Note: Changes were made to the title and abstract of this article after publication, on 9/20/2021.

On the Syntactic Status of Edo Ideophones

Ideophones are a particular lexical class of expressive words depicting perceptual events or states, and are said to be a universal or near-universal feature of language (Dingemanse, 2012:655; Kilian-Hatz, 2001:163). This paper presents an overview of Ẹdo ideophones to characterize them in terms of their occurrence in grammatical syntactic frames. It investigates what sets them apart within word classes in Ẹdo and how they differ from their non-ideophonic counterparts in sentential constructions. The Basic Linguistic Theory was adopted as the method for data analysis. This was done to show how ideophones manifest syntactically in the language. Ideophones appear in copular frames with some verbs in the language, especially the verb ‘to be’. This paper concludes that Ẹdo ideophones do not occur pre-nominally in the language.

Question formation strategies in Kunuz Nubian

This is an analytical and descriptive study that is based on a general theoretical framework which can be characterized as “basic linguistic theory”. It aims to study Kunuz Nubian interrogative pronouns and question markers. Previous studies failed to pay adequate attention to these features. It is an attempt to characterize the strategies used in question formation and to identify the question markers. I argue that the question markers in this Nubian dialect fall into three sets: (a) the set of question markers -yaa, -naa, and -waa are used with sentences (non-copular construction) involving the neural marker -r-. (b) the set of questions markers that are used if the neural marker –r- is in a copular construction: -yaa, -re, -waa. (c) another set of question markers are attached to a declarative sentence in which the verb or copular verb is accompanied with the past tense morpheme. The study has also provided a list of interrogative pronouns that can occur with or without the question markers. Moreover, it has been shown that both compound and complex sentences are turned into interrogatives via the same question strategies used in simple sentences.

Commands

This book focuses on the form and the function of commands—directive speech acts such as pleas, entreaties, and orders—from a typological perspective. A team of internationally renowned experts in the field examine the interrelationship of these speech acts with cultural stereotypes and practices, as well as their origins and development, especially in the light of language contact. The volume begins with an introduction outlining the marking and the meaning of imperatives and other ways of expressing commands and directives. Each of the chapters that follow then offers an in-depth analysis of commands in a particular language. These analyses are cast in terms of ‘basic linguistic theory’—a cumulative typological functional framework—and the chapters are arranged and structured in a way that allows useful comparison between them. The languages investigated include Quechua, Japanese, Lao, Aguaruna and Ashaninka Satipo (both from Peru), Dyirbal (from Australia), Zenzontepec Chatino (from Mexico), Nungon, Tayatuk, and Karawari (from Papua New Guinea), Korowai (from West Papua), Wolaitta (from Ethiopia), and Northern Paiute (a native language of the United States).