Variation in Spanish accounting terminology

The paper discusses the main results of an analysis of Spanish accounting terminology, based on the exploitation of three different corpora. The analysis was aimed at measuring the level of terminology variation in Spanish accounting and at assessing the suitability of accounting standards and companies’ financial statements for terminology extraction in the translation of accounting texts. The results evidence a terminological variation of around 25% in international accounting standards and a considerable lack of consistency in the use of accounting terminology in the financial statements of Spanish companies, both in the Spanish originals and in their English translations.

Standard setting in times of technological change: accounting for cryptocurrency holdings

PurposeThis paper explores how the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has dealt with the emerging issue of accounting for cryptocurrencies by investigating its constituents' expectations and the motivations underlying its regulatory response.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical lens of regulatory space is used to analyse the four-year debate around cryptocurrency holdings and informs the extensive thematic analysis of public documents, meetings recordings and comment letters on the topic.FindingsFacing national standard setters' initiatives to regulate accounting for cryptocurrency, the IASB defended its position in the regulatory space through an agenda decision based on ewct 2xisting standards, which was finalised by the International Financial Reporting Standards Interpretation Committee (IFRS IC) despite criticism from constituents and Board members.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper provides insights into the IASB approach to a regulatory vacuum regarding a new class of items, which derive from a new and rapidly-evolving technology. Disruptive technology impacts the contested arena of accounting regulation, in which the constituents ask for new solutions and the IASB tries to resist such pressures, while defending its position.Practical implicationsThe paper sheds light on the growing importance of agenda decisions in the IFRS environment and on the limits of the IASB long regulatory process in the circumstance of emerging accounting issues deriving from rapidly-evolving technology.Originality/valueThis investigation is timely and relevant as it considers the regulatory issues arising from disruptive technological innovations (i.e. cryptocurrency), shedding light on the limits of regulatory processes in times of technological change.

Does Accounting Influence Finance? The Case of IFRS 9 and Fuel Hedging

Finance does influence accounting, for example it is known that hedge accounting under International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (2019), IFRS 9 has been more aligned to risk management practice. Although, as commonly held, accounting represents the substance of economic events without modifying them, opportunities offered by a new accounting standard may affect finance strategies. This paper studies how the IASB (2019), IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements versus IASB (2014), IAS 39 have modified fuel hedging practice for a sample of IFRS airlines. Hedge accounting under the new standard results to have been adopted by a very large proportion of the sample. Its new features of risk component hedges, accounting for time value of option, forward points, or basis spread in other comprehensive income (hereafter, OCI), and simplified effectiveness assessment have been exploited by most of the sampled companies, although a definite explanation as an accounting strategy is only partially disclosed. In a context where fuel cost is one, if not the most significant caption of operating expenses of airlines, IASB (2019), IFRS 9 has provided an incentive to expand the use of fuel hedging, at least for accounting purpose.

IFRS 9 Single Impairment Model: Semantics and Circularity? A Study in the Airline Industry

This paper studies a sample of airlines reporting under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) about three specific challenges in implementing International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (2019), IFRS 9 requirements for impairment versus IASB, 2014, IAS 39: 1) expected versus incurred credit losses; 2) impairment scoping and elective simplifications; and 3) definition and use of default. First, there appears to be a strong indicator that the way airline companies have drawn the line between what future conditions should or should not be considered in estimating expected versus incurred credit losses has maintained the fundamental tenet in IFRS of representing the condition existing as of the end of the reporting period. Second, evidence of companies quests for IASB (2019), IFRS 9 impairment simplifications attests to the criticism that the alleged single model of impairment is in effect a complex collection of different techniques. Finally, the degree of specific application that IASB (2019), IFRS 9 requires for the definition and use of default, as well as the customization of what triggers a significant change in the risk of default since initial recognition, does not appear to have been fully received, and sufficiently disclosed in the financial statements.

The Enactment and Critique of International Accounting Standard Two

Harmonising the International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) globally has been the objective of national boards that seek to eliminate existing differences. The harmonisation project has been substantially efficient in realising the IFRS in emerging economies. However, concerning the international accounting standard two, the existence of different inventory valuation methods in literature is one of the dilemmas confronting the application of IAS 2 in many nations globally. This study through a comprehensive literature review discusses and present a critique on the international accounting standard two to afford insight that will be beneficial to both scholar and standard setters. The findings reveal a formidable contribution of the current asset inventory on companies and compliance levels in South Africa. Furthermore, these findings supplement prevailing body knowledge on IAS two and the value relevance of accounting inventories. Highlighting key critiques on the IAS 2 prescriptions and application internationally and also revealing the standards own crucial flaws and strengths and on companies. Received: 6 May 2021 / Accepted: 23 August 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

Accounting Policies, Institutional Factors and Firm Performance: Qualitative Insights in a Developing Country

This study aims to uncover the determinants for the formulation of accounting practices and their impact on firm performance in Pakistan through the lens of institutional theory. Based on a pragmatic approach, this study has collected data from 455 participants and 21 semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Firstly, it is noted that accounting practices can be traced back to the Mughal regime, and subsequently underwent a major development in the British colonial system. Secondly, our results indicate that institutional factors, namely, accounting regulatory framework, political factors, economic factors, cultural factors, and country-specific factors have also played a major role in the development of accounting practices after the creation of Pakistan as a separate state. Finally, this study suggests that the development of accounting practices have a novel contribution towards the performance of firms. This research thus provides a pathway for policymakers in this county to closing the gaps between accounting practices and the policies of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Furthermore, firms can enhance their performance by implementing international accounting standards. This paper helps Pakistan’s regulatory institutions such as the SECP (Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan) and SBP (State Bank of Pakistan) in the process of developing new policies. Such decisions are related, but not limited to: attracting foreign investments, economic expansion, and international trade. Furthermore, it provides a pathway for firms to improve their performance. Ultimately, this research fills the gap as concerns international accounting standards by assessing, both empirically and theoretically, the role of various determinants for the formulation of accounting practices and their impact on the performance of firms.

Understanding the Essence of the Accrual Method According to the International Standards

Assumption of international accounting standards was considerable event in the accounting practice of Georgia. One of the innovation was the introduction of "accounting policy" and establishment such an element in the compilation of financial statements as "accrual method". Mentioned method was not used in Soviet accounting. Based on his explanation, after the introduction of international standards, the definitions have undergone some changes. The article analyzes the implemented changes, definitions, given in international standards and conceptual frameworks, outlook of various authors concerning subject matter and relevant conclusions drawn. Based on researches have been proven that, the "accrual method" should be used by the enterprise in recognizing / reflecting income and expenses and not in relation to assets and liabilities. Based on the reconciliation and analysis of different definitions, the author's designation of the "accrual method" is proposed.

NCP 5 – Tangible Fixed Assets

2015 saw an important step in the accounting reform in Portugal. On September 11, 2015, the Accounting Standardization System for Public Administrations (SNC-AP) was approved through Decree-Law No. 192/2015, which revokes the Official Public Accounting Plan (POCP) and establishes an accounting standard aligned with international accounting standards. The development of this work is based on content analysis focused on Public Accounting Standard 5, NCP 5, which was broken down into the respective chapters of the regulations. In this way, to reach the objective of the study, work was developed on several themes, which are essentially based on the chapters of NCP 5. In this way, the topics covered are: Objectives, Scope and Definitions, Measurement, Recognition and Derecognition; and, in order to better contextualize and exemplify the practical application of the standard, we will find, at the end of this work, some practical situations.