Lampiran 1A Paper Sediment Characteristics and Wind Induced Sediment Dynamics in Lake Markemeer, the Netherlands, Aquatic Sciences

In 2007/08, a study was undertaken on thesediment dynamics in shallow Lake Markermeer (theNetherlands). Firstly, sediment characteristics were determined at 49 sites in the lake. Parameters such as median grain size and loss on ignition showed a spatial as well as water depth related pattern, indicating wind-induced sediment transport. Highly significant correlations were found between all sediment parameters. Lake Markermeer sediment dynamics were investigated in a sediment trap field survey at two permanent stations in the lake. Sedimentyields, virtually all coming from sediment resuspension, were significantly correlated with average wind speeds,though periods of extreme winds also played a role.Sediment resuspension rates for Lake Markermeer were high, viz. on average ca. 1,000 g m-2 day-1. The highlydynamic nature of Lake Markermeer sediments must bedue to the overall shallowness of the lake, together with itslarge surface area (dynamic ratio = [H(area)]/[averagedepth] = 7.5); wind-induced waves and currents willimpact most of the lake’s sediment bed. Indeed, near-bed currents can easily reach values 10 cm/s. Measurements of the thickness of the settled ‘‘mud’’ layer, as well as 137Csdating, showed that long-term deposition only takes placein the deeper SE area of the lake. Finally, lake sediment dynamics were investigated in preliminary laboratory experiments in a small ‘‘micro-flume’’, applying increasingwater currents onto five Lake Markermeer sediments.Sediment resuspension started off at 0.5–0.7 cm/s andshowed a strongly exponential behaviour with respect to these currents.

Remarkable Species Diversity of the Leafhopper Genus Xestocephalus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Aphrodinae) in Thailand

Xestocephalus Van Duzee is among the most common and widespread genera of Cicadellidae in the temperate and tropical regions of the world. In the present study, 205 specimens of the genus Xestocephalus were collected in Thailand, whereas only a single species of the genus was recorded previously using Malaise trap field sampling, studied by comparative morphology. Seventeen species were recognized, including twelve new species: X. binarius sp. nov., X. chrysanthemum sp. nov., X. cowboyocreus sp. nov., X. densprint sp. nov., X. dimiprocessus sp. nov., X. exproiecturus sp. nov., X. gracilus sp. nov., X. limpidissimus sp. nov., X. malleus sp. nov., X. nonattribus sp. nov., X. recipinams sp. nov., and X. tenusis Liang sp. nov. Four species were recorded in Thailand for the first time: Xestocephalus abyssinicus Heller and Linnavuori, Xestocephalus asper Linnavuori, Xestocephalus ishidae Matsumura, and Xestocephalus toroensis Matsumura. Detailed morphological descriptions of all 17 species are given; photographs of external habitus and male genitalia of the species from Thailand are provided. A checklist of species of the genus is also given, and a key to all Thailand Xestocephalus species is also provided.

Negative Space Theory

It is necessary to continue the research on the formation mechanism of gravitation, the formation mechanism of black hole, the formation mechanism of mass, and the mechanism of symmetry breaking. This study is dedicated to establish a new theory, and compare this new theory with the existing theory, testing self-consistency and rationality of this new theory. Based on the observed physical facts, the negative space theory is be put forward according to the principle of scale conservation and spatial discontinuity, that is, space expansion produces positive space and Huazi, and there is a trap field around Huazi. Comparison results show that the negative space theory can better reveal the above physical mechanism, and changed the previous understanding of these physical mechanism, open up a new research direction.

Negative Space Theory

It is necessary to continue the research on the formation mechanism of gravitation, the formation mechanism of black hole, the formation mechanism of mass, and the mechanism of symmetry breaking. This study is dedicated to establish a new theory, and compare this new theory with the existing theory, testing self-consistency and rationality of this new theory. Based on the observed physical facts, the negative space theory is be put forward according to the principle of scale conservation and spatial discontinuity, that is, space expansion produces positive space and Huazi, and there is a trap field around Huazi. Comparison results show that the negative space theory can better reveal the above physical mechanism, and changed the previous understanding of these physical mechanism, open up a new research direction.

A two-dimensional hybrid model of an open plasma trap

Представлена гибридная математическая модель осесимметричной плазменной ловушки, основанная на кинетическом описании для ионной компоненты плазмы и приближении МГД для электронной компоненты. На основе гибридной модели разработан двумерный алгоритм для изучения динамики разлета инжектируемых частиц в поле ловушки. Движение ионной компоненты рассчитывается по методу частиц в ячейках, для расчета магнитного поля и электронной компоненты плазмы используются конечно-разностные схемы. На основе разработанного алгоритма создан комплекс программ для исследования механизмов формирования самосогласованной структуры магнитного поля ловушки. A hybrid mathematical model of an axisymmetric plasma trap based on the kinetic description for the ion component of the plasma and the MHD approximation for the electronic component is presented. On the basis of the hybrid model, a two-dimensional algorithm is developed to study the dynamics of injected particles in the trap field. The motion of the ion component is calculated by the particle-in-cell method. Finite-difference schemes are used to calculate the magnetic field and the electron component of the plasma. On the basis of the developed algorithm, a program code is created to study the mechanisms of the self-consistent magnetic field structure formation.