sludge disposal
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2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Yeshaneh Adimasu Lemenh ◽  
Teshome Geremew Biru ◽  
Adinew Zewdu Chernet ◽  
Feleke Belachew Lema

Proteases are enzymes used in industries such the production and processing of detergents, food, leather, and silk. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify protease‐producing bacteria from a sludge disposal site and from sediments. Soil samples were collected separately from the selected area. Samples weighing 1 g were serially diluted and spread onto skim milk agar. A total of 16 bacteria species were isolated from the study samples. Four bacterial isolates showed high proteolytic activity and were selected for enzymatic study based on their zone of proteolysis. The isolates were identified based on biochemical tests. The results indicated that the isolated bacteria were E. coli (99.69%), Pseudomonas putrefaciens (Shewanella putrefaciens) (91.61%), Bacillus carboniphilus (92.78%), and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (98.4%). The crude protease enzymes produced by these bacterial isolates showed promising results for application in dehairing and destaining as detergent additives. Bacillus carboniphilus showed the best level of activity and was selected as the most potent protease‐producing bacteria for both dehairing and destaining ability. Soils from sludge disposal sites and sediments from around tannery wastes could be good sources from which to isolate alkaline protease‐producing bacteria.


Author(s):  
А.Н. Григорьева ◽  
Р.Ш. Абиев ◽  
Ф.И. Лобанов ◽  
О.Ю. Тарарыков

Проблема утилизации осадка сточных вод в последние годы становится все более актуальной для коммунального хозяйства. Приведены результаты исследования процесса суспендирования осадка известьсодержащим реагентом Дезолак, определены размеры твердых включений, что позволило рассчитать необходимую скорость вращения перемешивающего устройства: средний заутеровский диаметр частиц составил 55 мкм, плотность твердой фазы – 2211 кг/м3. Для эффективного суспендирования реагента необходимо обеспечить угловую скорость мешалки не менее 0,03 м/с. Исследованы основные критерии подобия для масштабирования аппаратов, определено, что при выборе мешалки следует учитывать критерий Фруда Fr, так как именно этот показатель для трех исследованных реакторов практически постоянен. На основании проделанной работы определено, что отношение мощности к объему перемешиваемой жидкости не может являться критерием для расчета аппаратов, оснащенных перемешивающими устройствами GMS: для данных мешалок справедливо снижение мощности на перемешивание с увеличением размеров аппарата. In recent years the problem of wastewater sludge disposal has become more and more urgent for the municipal economy. The results of a study of the process of sludge suspending with Dezolak, a lime-containing agent, are presented; the size of solid inclusions is determined to provide for calculating the required rotation speed of the mixing device: the average Sauter particle diameter was 55 μm, the density of the solid phase was 2211 kg/m3. For effective chemical suspending the angular velocity of the mixer should be more than 0.03 m/s. The main similarity criteria for scaling the apparatus were investigated; it was determined that while choosing a mixer, the Froude criterion Fr should be taken into account, since that very indicator was practically constant for the three investigated reactors. Based on the work done, it was determined that the ratio of power to the volume of the mixed liquid cannot be a criterion for calculating devices equipped with GMS mixing devices: for these mixers, a decrease in the mixing power with an increase in the size of the device is valid.


2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Kovács Ferenc ◽  
Ladányi Zsuzsanna

Az iszapkihelyezések rövidtávú hatásainak megfigyelésére és igazolására több évre kiterjedő, nagy időfelbontású monitoringot terveztünk dél-alföldi, csernozjom talajokon folyamatosan művelt, gyakran évről-évre különböző növényzettel fedett szántóföldi parcellákon. A 14 db 50 m x 50 m-es kvadráton, a Sentinel-2 műholdfelvételezés alapú adatgyűjtést a legnagyobb idő- és térbeli felbontásban alkalmaztuk. Atmoszférikus korrekcióval előfeldolgozott, közel 100 db felhőmentes képből álló adatbázist LANDSAT OLI (Operational Land Imager) felvételekkel kiegészítve, vegetációs indexekkel (EVI, NDVI) értékeltük a nyári félév fotoszintetikus aktivitását és biomassza-produkció változásait térben és időben.A spektrális index alapú vegetációs ciklus különbségek alapján meghatározhatók a területen termelt változatos növényfajok, a felszínfedettség különbségek és a területhasználati változások. A vizsgálatainkkal párhuzamosan, LADÁNYI et al., (2020) szerint értékelt talajtani eredményekhez hasonlóan az iszapkihelyezés által érintett, illetve nem érintett területek között kimutatható, EVI és NDVI-vel mért statisztikai és térbeli különbségek rövidtávon általánosan nem szignifikánsak. A vizsgált négy termény közül a napraforgó, kukorica biomassza produktuma esetén láthatók index különbségek, amelyek az iszapkihelyezés 1–3 éven belül tapasztalható hatásaként értékelhetők, de ennek igazolására folyamatos monitoring vizsgálat szükséges. A repce és az őszi búza esetén a rendelkezésre álló adatok alapján nem tapasztaltunk hasonlót, sőt esetenként a kihelyezés előtti VI értékek magasabbak. A parcellákat jellemző térbeli heterogenitáson – melyet a kvadrátok jól mintáznak – a szennyvíziszap kihelyezések a vizsgált időszakban nem változtattak.A két különböző vegetációs index együttes alkalmazása hasznos. Az EVI általános előnyei mellett kiemelhető a dús vegetációs időszak értékelésének pontossága, az összehasonlító elemzésben tapasztalható alkalmazhatósága, míg az NDVI a csekélyebb vegetáció dinamikájában, a vegetációtípusok megkülönböztetésében, vagy a dús vegetációt jellemző változékonyság megfigyelésében lehet érzékenyebb. Érdekes, hogy az NDVI és EVI közötti különbség a szennyvíziszappal kezelt területeken kisebb. A várakozásnak megfelelően, a nagy felbontást igénylő vizsgálatban a LANDSAT adatok, a Sentinel alapú indexértékekkel általánosan szoros statisztikai kapcsolatban vannak és igazolják az értékelés eredményeit, de a parcellákon, adott időkben tapasztalt jelentős eltérések miatt önmagukban nem tudják kiegészíteni a vizsgálatot.A gazdálkodásváltás ellenére kitűzött cél, a szignifikáns különbségek kimutatása indokolja az aktuális évek adatainak további vizsgálatba való bevonását, amely segít az adathiányos időszakok leszűkítésében is; 2020. év megfigyelése folyamatban van.The agricultural use of sewage sludge is one of the means of refilling the soil nutrients and an effective tool for sustainable environmental management. In order to monitor and verify the short-term effects of sludge disposal (in parallel with other soil observations) we planned a multi-year, high-resolution data collection for monitoring the effects of disposal in some arable land parcels on 14 pieces of 50 m x 50 m quadrates in southeastern Hungary. Using free Sentinel-2, pre-processed satellite imagery, data acquisition was applied at the highest temporal and spatial resolution supplemented with LANDSAT-8 recordings, evaluating the vegetation period from 2016 to 2019 (almost 100 images). We evaluated the photosynthetic activity of the summer season and the changes in biomass production in space and time based on vegetation index (EVI, NDVI).The difference in the vegetation cycle of the plants on the arable land and the difference in the land use and land cover (LU/LC) are clearly visible in the values of EVI and NDVI. The statistical and spatial index differences between the affected and non-affected areas of sludge disposal are generally not significant in the short term. It can be seen differences in the case of the sunflower and maize biomass products. These can be assessed as the effect of sludge disposal within 1–3 years, but continuous monitoring is required to verify this. In the case of colza and winter wheat (based on the available data) we did not find similar effects, and in some cases the pre-placement EVI/NDVI values were higher.Vegetation indices heterogeneity among the parcels is also well patterned spatially in the quadrates. The spatial heterogeneity characteristic of the quadrates was not changed by the sewage sludge disposal over the study period. Geometric resolution and monitoring can be used to map a former alluvial form, which is an important factor in understanding parcel yield changes.We can emphasize the accuracy of EVI evaluation in the dense vegetation period and its applicability in a comparative analysis. NDVI may be more sensitive in the dynamics of smaller or sparse vegetation, or sometimes in the observation of variability characteristic of rich vegetation. It is interesting, that the difference between NDVI and EVI is smaller in areas treated with sewage sludge. LANDSAT data are generally closely related to the Sentinel-based indices values and confirm the results of their evaluation, but they cannot supplement the study on their own due to the significant differences on the parcels at certain times.In addition to the change of agricultural management, in the detection of significant differences, it is appropriate to measure the data for the following years, that can help to narrow down the data deficient periods; monitoring for 2020 is in progress.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M Spearin

In terms of disposal options, a form of waste that has received much attention in recent years is sludge, the by-product of wastewater treatment from both industrial and municipal sources. Negative issues associated with traditional sludge disposal practices (e.g. landfilling or incineration) have resulted in an increased interest to find disposal alternatives such as applying the sludge, or biosolids, to land as a soil amendment for purposes such as agriculture, horticulture, and silviculture. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental impact of pulp mill and municipal biosolids land-application using a suite of ecologically-relevant biota. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the practice of pulp mill and municipal biosolids land-application may indeed be a viable and environmentally-sound alternative to other traditional disposal methods. This study did not detect any obvious impact on biota from pulp mill and municipal biosolids land-application and run-off into receiving-water when compared to reference bioassays.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M Spearin

In terms of disposal options, a form of waste that has received much attention in recent years is sludge, the by-product of wastewater treatment from both industrial and municipal sources. Negative issues associated with traditional sludge disposal practices (e.g. landfilling or incineration) have resulted in an increased interest to find disposal alternatives such as applying the sludge, or biosolids, to land as a soil amendment for purposes such as agriculture, horticulture, and silviculture. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental impact of pulp mill and municipal biosolids land-application using a suite of ecologically-relevant biota. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the practice of pulp mill and municipal biosolids land-application may indeed be a viable and environmentally-sound alternative to other traditional disposal methods. This study did not detect any obvious impact on biota from pulp mill and municipal biosolids land-application and run-off into receiving-water when compared to reference bioassays.


Author(s):  
Hongbo Liu ◽  
Xingkang Wang ◽  
Song Qin ◽  
Wenjia Lai ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Xiao‐Ning Li ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Yung‐Ho Chiu ◽  
Tai‐Yu Lin ◽  
Shih‐Yung Chiu

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