Generational variations in the timing of entry into homeownership in Shanghai: The role of family formation and family of origin

Radical housing reform has triggered tremendous changes in both housing supply and housing demand in China over the past four decades, leading to apparent generational fractures in homeownership. In contrast to the rising age of first dwelling purchasers in some Western countries, younger cohorts in China are entering homeownership at increasingly younger ages despite rising housing prices. Based on a retrospective survey conducted in Shanghai in 2018 and 2019, this study examines the changing roles of family formation and parental background in affecting the timing of entering homeownership across different cohorts. Employing event history analyses, this study demonstrates that transitions to first homeownership have become synchronised with family formation among younger cohorts, which implies the social norm of ‘marital home’. Furthermore, the results reveal that parental background is increasingly influential in determining the timing of first home purchase; men and individuals from one-child families are more likely to be the beneficiary of parental help to enter homeownership. Through the lens of cohort, this study contributes to understanding the changing role of family formation and family of origin, which are shaped by institutional and cultural transformations in China. The intensified intergenerational transmission leads to exacerbation of horizontal housing inequality, that is, some achieving homeownership at a younger age while others being shunned from homeownership in the context of worsening housing affordability.

Inhabit the Change: Circular Design & Lot

To solve the problems associated with precarious contemporary housing, it is essential to intervene with structural housing reform. Therefore, it is necessary to start from semantics and read space on the one hand, as a moment where history, traditions and culture meet; on the other hand, as a key to overcome obstacles and general obsolescence.The state of the art includes: repetition of self-built and unregulated low-quality typologies, high migration rate, and socio-economic changes; the consequences are: low-quality buildings, overcrowded or uninhabited urban centers, obsolete spatiality. Today, the challenge is to design in a short time and with high qualitative standards, without giving in to hypertechnology but finding a balancing strategy. It is a matter of anticipating what cannot be expected, and responding to the multitude of ever-changing needs inherent to an atypical user.“Inhabiting” in this perspective must be increasingly “smart and sustainable”. This is done through interactive design, which increasingly uses digitized services and connects objects and people. The goal is to move towards DfD, «Design for Disassembly», through “change” as a paradigm, and the solution is in our homes.

The “Social Science” of Segregation: Between the “Charitable” Surveys of the Progressive Era and the “Appraisal” Surveys of the New Deal Era

Between the “charitable” surveys of the Progressive Era and the “appraisal” surveys of the New Deal Era, the field of “Social Science” emerged. Although the philanthropic surveys of the Progressive Era influenced housing reform for working-class Persons of Color in urban neighborhoods, while the federal surveys of the New Deal Era influenced real estate disinvestment in those same neighborhoods, each had the effect of furthering segregation. This article considers the commonalities among the discourses, methods, and results of these two seemingly disparate ends of the survey spectrum to illuminate their respective contributions to one another and to segregation.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF HOUSING REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT: LESSONS FOR MODERN UKRAINE

The article substantiates the relevance of the study of European experience in reforming and developing housing and communal services for modern Ukraine. The analysis of scientific and thematic recent researches and publications is carried out. The European experience of reforming and development of housing and communal services is generalized and the offers concerning various ways of its introduction in modern Ukraine are given. The traditional general models of reforming and development of housing and communal services are considered and characterized: English, German, French and the French model is determined as the most acceptable for Ukraine. The necessity of consideration for Ukraine of a mixed model of reforming and development of the housing and communal services sector is substantiated. The comparative characteristic of models of management of housing and communal services in foreign countries and Ukraine is resulted. The necessity of creating a domestic model of development of housing and communal services of modern Ukraine is substantiated. The experience of the Republic of Poland in reforming and developing the domestic sector of housing and communal services is analyzed (useful features of this reform for Ukraine are determined, the process of demonopolization "pooling" is considered). The main characteristics of the sphere of housing and communal services of European countries are given. Such a tool for improving the state of the housing and communal services sector as bonds is considered. The advantages of active use of such a basic tool in the field of housing and communal services as a public-private partnership are presented. The components of variable ways of introduction of the European experience of reforming and development of housing and communal services in modern Ukraine are determined. Perspective directions of further theoretical and practical researches concerning generalization of foreign experience of reforming and development of housing and communal services are offered and offers concerning various ways of its introduction in modern Ukraine are given.