Associations between anger and chronic primary pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives Anger is a negative emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something, is rooted in an appraisal or attribution of wrongdoing, and is accompanied by an action tendency to undo the wrongdoing. Anger is prevalent in individuals with chronic pain, especially those with chronic primary pain. The associations between anger and pain-related outcomes (e.g., pain intensity, disability) have been examined in previous studies. However, to our knowledge, no systematic review or meta-analysis has summarized the findings of anger-pain associations through a focus on chronic primary pain. Hence, we sought to summarize the findings on the associations of anger-related variables with pain and disability in individuals with chronic primary pain. Methods All studies reporting at least one association between anger-related variables and the two pain-related outcomes in individuals with chronic primary pain were eligible. We searched electronic databases using keywords relevant to anger and chronic primary pain. Multiple reviewers independently screened for study eligibility, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. Results Thirty-eight studies were included in this systematic review, of which 20 provided data for meta-analyses (2,682 participants with chronic primary pain). Of the included studies, 68.4% had a medium methodological quality. Evidence showed mixed results in the qualitative synthesis. Most anger-related variables had significant positive pooled correlations with small to moderate effect sizes for pain and disability. Conclusions Through a comprehensive search, we identified several key anger-related variables associated with pain-related outcomes. In particular, associations with perceived injustice were substantial.

Individual hygiene program of stomatologic conditions prevention in ophthalmologic patients

Aim. To describe features of formation and carrying-out of an individual hygiene program of stomatologic conditions prevention in ophthalmologic patients. Methods. The formation of hygiene program of prevention. Results. Action tendency and procedure of the program stages conduct with consideration for patients status are stated. Peculiarities of professional and individual oral hygiene during pre-op and post-op periods are reflected. Conclusions. It is necessary to take into account physical characteristics of oral hygiene products (vibration, sound, ultrasound, etc.) concerning subsequent ophthalmic procedures and special aspects of post-op period course.

The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt

What is the nature of feeling hurt? This question is answered by systematically reviewing and integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory of emotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal of an illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability. This appraisal pattern activates an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. This theory leads to several hypotheses for the appraisal (e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt into anger) on facial, bodily, and behavioral expressions as well as on the communicative function of feeling hurt. Furthermore, important conceptual distinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion and a long-term emotional episode of hurt are introduced. Finally, feeling hurt is compared with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.

Motor Memory: Revealing Conditioned Action Tendencies Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Action tendencies can be elicited by motivationally salient stimuli (e.g., appetitive rewards) or objects that support utilization behaviors. These action tendencies can benefit behavioral performance through speeded RTs in response tasks and improve detection accuracy in attentional capture tasks. However, action tendencies can be counterproductive when goals change (e.g., refraining from junk foods or abstaining from alcohol). Maintaining control over cue-elicited action tendencies is therefore critical for successful behavior modification. To better understand this relationship, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to investigate the neural signatures of action tendencies in the presence of previously trained response cues. Participants were presented with a continuous letter stream and instructed to respond quickly to two target letters using two different response keys. Following this training phase, the target letters were embedded in a new task (test phase), and we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex and measured motor evoked potentials as an index of corticospinal excitability (CSE). We found that CSE could be potentiated by a former response cue trained within a single experimental session, even when participants were instructed to withhold responses during the test phase. Critically, attention to the previously trained response cue was required to elicit the primed modulation in CSE, and successful control of this activity was accompanied by CSE suppression. These findings suggest that well-trained response cues can come to prime a conditioned action tendency and provide a model for understanding how the implementation of cognitive control can override action automaticity.

Does Music Arouse Emotions? How do We Know?

Many researchers consider emotional reactions to music to be of major importance. However, the notion that music arouses emotions has been the subject of controversy — much more so than the notion that music is heard as expressive of emotions. The first part of the book defined emotion partly in terms of various ‘components’ that together constitute an ‘emotion episode’. Any attempt to answer whether music can arouse emotions should then proceed from this definition: To what extent might listening to music produce reactions in the different components of emotion? This chapter examines the components one by one: feeling, expression, psychophysiology, neural activation, action tendency, and regulation, also collectively referred to as the FEPNAR components.

Place Attachment and Collective Action Tendency

Three studies were carried out to examine how place attachment and collective action tendency are related and what role self-expansion and social interactions play in this relationship. In the first study (N = 156) we found that a more active form of attachment – place discovered – is a significant predictor of tendency to engage in collective action in favor of one’s neighborhood. In the second study (N = 197), we focused on frequency of social interactions in one’s neighborhood as the antecedent of place attachment and collective action tendencies. We found that inhabitants who declared more frequent social interactions in one’s neighborhood, expressed stronger place discovered, and this attachment is related to collective action tendencies. In the third study (N = 153), we tested if self-expansion mediates this relationship. We found that stronger place discovered was related to the feeling of self-expansion that resulted from contact with neighbors. Moreover, self-expansion was related to the tendency to engage in collective action.

The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt - a Review and a Lazarian Theory

What is the nature of feeling hurt? I answer this question by systematically reviewingand integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory ofemotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal ofan illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability whichtogether activate an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. I derive severalpredictions, e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt intoanger. I also point out hypotheses on the facial, vocal, bodily and behavioral expressionof feeling hurt and it’s communicative function. Further, I draw important conceptualdistinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion, a hurtful event and a long-term emotional episode of hurt. Finally, I systematically compare feeling hurt with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.

An Appraisal-Driven Componential Approach to the Emotional Brain

This article suggests that methodological and conceptual advancements in affective sciences militate in favor of adopting an appraisal-driven componential approach to further investigate the emotional brain. Here we propose to operationalize this approach by distinguishing five functional networks of the emotional brain: (a) the elicitation network, (b) the expression network, (c) the autonomic reaction network, (d) the action tendency network, and (e) the feeling network, and discuss these networks in the context of the affective neuroscience literature. We also propose that further investigating the “appraising brain” is the royal road to better understand the elicitation network, and may be key to revealing the neural causal mechanisms underlying the emotion process as a whole.