The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt - a Review and a Lazarian Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hardecker
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Function ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Action Tendency ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
Narrow Concept

What is the nature of feeling hurt? I answer this question by systematically reviewingand integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory ofemotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal ofan illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability whichtogether activate an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. I derive severalpredictions, e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt intoanger. I also point out hypotheses on the facial, vocal, bodily and behavioral expressionof feeling hurt and it’s communicative function. Further, I draw important conceptualdistinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion, a hurtful event and a long-term emotional episode of hurt. Finally, I systematically compare feeling hurt with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.

The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
David J. K. Hardecker
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Function ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Action Tendency ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
Behavioral Expressions ◽  
Narrow Concept

Abstract. What is the nature of feeling hurt? This question is answered by systematically reviewing and integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory of emotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal of an illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability. This appraisal pattern activates an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. This theory leads to several hypotheses for the appraisal (e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt into anger) on facial, bodily, and behavioral expressions as well as on the communicative function of feeling hurt. Furthermore, important conceptual distinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion and a long-term emotional episode of hurt are introduced. Finally, feeling hurt is compared with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.

Appraisal, psychological adjustment and expressed emotion in relatives of patients suffering from schizophrenia

1997 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Barrowclough ◽  
Michael Parle
Keyword(s):  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Symptom Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Coping Theory ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
Multivariate Relationships ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Appraisal Processes

BackgroundIt is argued that coping theory may be useful in attempting to understand how relatives adapt to the demands of living with a schizophrenia sufferer.MethodIn a prospective study, univariate and multivariate relationships were explored between appraisal variables (appraisal of symptom threat (primary appraisal) and perceived symptom control (secondary appraisal)) and (a) expressed emotion, and (b) psychological distress in relatives of schizophrenic patients. The profile of relatives who showed sustained distress over time was also examined.ResultsThe appraisal variables were found to be related to both the concurrent distress (GHQ scores), EE ratings of relatives at the time of the patients relapse and hospitalisation, as well as the subsequent GHQ scores of relatives when the patient was discharged back home. Relatives who showed sustained distress were likely to show high EE and have a longer caring history.ConclusionsThe study gives some support to the theory that appraisal processes underlie how relatives react to having a family member with schizophrenia, and may have implications both for identifying those at risk of poor adaptation, and for understanding strategies that improve well-being.

Customer Acceptance of Use of Artificial Intelligence in Hospitality Services: An Indian Hospitality Sector Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 097215092093975
Author(s):  
Prithvi Roy ◽  
Badrinarayan Srirangam Ramaprasad ◽  
Manan Chakraborty ◽  
Nandan Prabhu ◽  
Shreelatha Rao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Luxury Hotels ◽  
Customer Acceptance ◽  
Effort Expectancy ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
Device Use ◽  
Willingness To Use

This research endeavour tested and validated the artificially intelligent device use acceptance (AIDUA) three-stage AI acceptance framework in the context of the Indian hospitality sector. For this purpose, data on the constructs that captured primary appraisal (i.e., social influence, hedonic motivation and anthropomorphism), secondary appraisal (i.e., performance and effort expectancy), emotion, willingness to use AI devices and objection to use AI devices were captured from 210 guests/customers from 14 luxury hotels spread across the union territory of New Delhi and the state of Chandigarh in India. Findings that emerge from this study validate the fact that customers do indeed go through three stages of decision-making process before they demonstrate their proclivity to use AI devices or exhibit objection to use AI devices. In particular, the study found that both performance and effort expectancy influenced customer emotion which, in its turn, exercised its effect on the construct of willingness to use AI devices and objection to use AI devices among hotel customers. Accordingly, drawing from the findings of this study, implications for practitioners, decision-makers, and academic researchers are discussed in the article.

Coping as a Mediation Mechanism Between Severity of Spectator Dysfunctional Behavior and Revisit Intention: The Moderating Effects of Self-Construal in Sport Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Kyungyeol (Anthony) Kim ◽  
Kevin K. Byon ◽  
Paul M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Experiment Study ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Dysfunctional Behavior ◽  
Revisit Intention ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Secondary Appraisal

The stress and coping theory posits that in the face of negative consumption situations, individuals experience a sequential process: primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and behavioral outcomes. Drawing on the theory, the purpose of the study is to test (a) the mediating effects of coping strategies (i.e., secondary appraisal) between the severity of spectator dysfunctional behavior (SDB; i.e., primary appraisal) and revisit intention and (b) the moderating effects of self-construal (i.e., interdependence vs. independence). Across two studies, using a survey experiment (Study 1) and a repeated-measures survey experiment (Study 2), the findings indicate that coping strategies (i.e., active, expressive, and denial coping) significantly and uniquely mediated the relationship between the severity of SDB (high vs. low) and revisit intention. Furthermore, in responding to highly severe SDB, spectators with interdependent self-construal engaged more in active and expressive coping, and less in denial coping and revisit intention than those with independent self-construal. Overall, the present study highlights (a) the importance of coping strategies for a clearer understanding of the SDB–revisit intention relationship and (b) a boundary condition of self-construal for the influences of SDB on coping strategies and revisit intention.

scholarly journals PASA – Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Gaab
Keyword(s):  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Secondary Appraisal

The Unifying Potential of an Appraisal Approach to the Experience of Group Victimization

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Colin Wayne Leach
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Appraisal Process ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Secondary Appraisal

This chapter offers appraisal theory as a unifying theoretical framework for understanding different ways in which collective victimization can be experienced. Events—such as collective victimization—are appraised and coped with continuously and dynamically, and people can appraise the events in different ways through active efforts at meaning-making that show the individual’s agency in shaping their experience. According to appraisal theory, the primary appraisal determines whether an aspect of collective victimization is deemed important enough to warrant further attention, and which one. Depending on which concerns related to collective victimization are perceived as relevant, in the secondary appraisal process different emotional responses to collective victimization can occur. To cope with this affect, a specific coping strategy is chosen. The choice of coping strategy depends on what is most likely to be effective for one’s concerns and goals, as well as the resources at the individual’s and group’s disposal.

scholarly journals Dementia Caregiving During the “Stay-at-Home” Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Savla ◽  
Karen A Roberto ◽  
Rosemary Blieszner ◽  
Brandy Renee McCann ◽  
Emily Hoyt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Role Overload ◽  
Transactional Model ◽  
Dementia Caregivers ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
At Home

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to assess family caregivers’ primary appraisal of stressors related to COVID-19 stay-at-home orders, secondary appraisal of resources and support availability, and use of coping strategies as predictors of perceived role overload during the stay-at-home phase of the pandemic. Method Telephone interviews with 53 family caregivers of persons with dementia from rural Virginia 2 weeks after enactment of the governor’s stay-at-home order using structured and open-ended questions were conducted. Results Caregivers who were more concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic were at greater odds of experiencing high role overload than those who recognized positive aspects of the pandemic, as were those who received insufficient support from family and friends. Discussion Use of the transactional model of stress responses yielded important insights about families coping with dementia. Caregivers’ perceptions of the pandemic’s impact varied, with differential effects on their well-being.

scholarly journals Safety Needs Mediate Stressful Events Induced Mental Disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Zheng ◽  
Simeng Gu ◽  
Yu Lei ◽  
Shanshan Lu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Secondary Appraisal ◽  
Behavior Function ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Safety First

“Safety first,” we say these words almost every day, but we all take this for granted for what Maslow proposed in his famous theory ofHierarchy of Needs: safety needs come second to physiological needs. Here we propose that safety needs come before physiological needs. Safety needs are personal security, financial security, and health and well-being, which are more fundamental than physiological needs. Safety worrying is the major reason for mental disorders, such as anxiety, phobia, depression, and PTSD. The neural basis for safety is amygdala, LC/NE system, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone system, which can be regarded as a “safety circuitry,” whose major behavior function is “fight or flight” and “fear and anger” emotions. This is similar to the Appraisal theory for emotions: fear is due to the primary appraisal, which is related to safety of individual, while anger is due to secondary appraisal, which is related to coping with the unsafe situations. If coping is good, the individual will be happy; if coping failed, the individual will be sad or depressed.

Precompetitive appraisal, performance anxiety and confidence in conservatorium musicians: A case for coping

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Osborne ◽  
Gary E. McPherson
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
Music Students ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Music School ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Primary Appraisal ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Secondary Appraisal

The way musicians appraise their abilities to succeed in a forthcoming evaluative performance impacts on the range of emotions they will experience. According to Lazarus’ cognitive-motivational-relational theory, emotions may wield powerful consequences depending on whether the performance is interpreted as a threat (high importance/primary appraisal; low coping prospects/secondary appraisal), or challenge (high importance; high coping prospects). Thirty-six Bachelor of Music students at a large University music school completed an adaptation of the Precompetitive Appraisal Measure (PAM) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R-D twice in relation to their end-of-semester recital: at the start of semester, and within an hour before their recital. Primary and secondary appraisals formed theoretically consistent and reliable evaluations of threat and challenge. Secondary appraisals were significantly lower for students who viewed the performance as a threat. Students who viewed the performance as a challenge reported significantly less cognitive anxiety and higher self-confidence. Findings indicate that the PAM is a brief and reliable measure of cognitive appraisals that trigger precompetitive emotions of anxiety and confidence which can be used to identify those performers who could benefit from pre-performance intervention strategies to manage performance stress.

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