Self-Care Theory and Translation to Intervention

Self-care is defined as a process of maintaining health through health promoting practices and managing illness when it occurs. Self-care is integral in the management of chronic conditions, but even those without illness engage in some level of self-care daily. In our on-going study we promote self-care as a means to control the stress associated with caregiving. We acknowledge the burden of caregiving for a loved one experiencing a serious chronic illness. That responsibility is typically associated with significant stress for the caregiver. We use stress theory to address the caregivers’ appraisal of events and coping responses. Three experienced health coaches were hired to provide 10 sessions of coaching over a 6-month period to each of the caregivers randomized to the intervention group. The emphasis of the iCare4Me coaching sessions is to address primary and secondary appraisal and coping as a means to improve self-care and thereby decrease stress.

GAMBARAN DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, STRES, DAN ATTACHMENT PADA IBU DENGAN ANAK AUTISME DALAM MENGHADAPI PANDEMIK

Pandemics change a lot of activities, as well as patterns of activity of children with autism and interaction. Mothers as caregivers have to put in more effort to care for children during the pandemic so that stress levels also increase. This study aimed to see a picture of social support, stress and attachment to mothers with children with autism in a pandemic meeting. Participants in this study were 4 mothers who have children with autism. Sampling was done by convenience sampling. The method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological design. The results shows that during the pandemic, the stress experienced by mothers with autism children who were received at a secondary assessment, understood their resources for coping and elicited emotional reactions such as anxiety that would develop rapidly. The attachment style of mothers with autism children is secure attachment based on the results of interviews, such as conducting joint interactions (meeting, playing, doing assignments, being responsive to needs and doing activities together) making necessary contact and adaptation to the pandemic. The description of social support during the pandemic of mothers with autistic children is a significant other, such as psychologists, baby sitters, and therapists. The main social support are direct assistance and information about the daily routine schedule that will be given to children Pandemik membuat banyak aktivitas berubah, begitu pula pola aktivitas anak dengan autisme dan ibunya. Ibu sebagai pengasuh utama harus mengeluarkan lebih banyak usaha untuk mengasuh anak pada masa pandemik sehingga tingkat stres juga meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran dukungan sosial, stres dan attachment pada ibu dengan anak autisme dalam menghadapi pandemik. Partisipan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 4 ibu yang memiliki anak dengan autisme. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan convenience sampling. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gambaran stres selama pandemik yang dialami para ibu dengan anak autisme mengacu pada penilaian secondary appraisal, mengetahui sumber daya mereka untuk melakukan coping dan memunculkan reaksi emosional seperti cemas akan perkembangan anaknya. Gambaran attachment selama pandemik para ibu dengan anak autisme adalah secure attachment berdasarkan hasil wawancara, seperti melakukan interaksi bersama (kehadiran, bermain, mengerjakan tugas, responsif terhadap kebutuhan dan melakukan kegiatan bersama-sama) sehingga cenderung dapat menghadapi dan adaptasi terhadap situasi pandemik. Gambaran dukungan sosial selama pandemik para ibu dengan anak autisme adalah significant other yaitu tenaga profesional seperti psikolog, babysitter, terapis dan pihak sekolah berupa bantuan langsung maupun informasi mengenai jadwal rutinitas sehari-hari yang akan diberikan kepada anak dengan autisme sehingga ibu dengan anak autisme tetap dapat melakukan kegiatan dalam situasi pandemik secara optimal.

A dual model of coping with and commitment to organizational change: the role of appraisals and resources

PurposeOrganizational change is usually stressful and destabilizing for employees, for whom coping with the induced stress is primordial to commit to the change. This paper aims to unravel how and when change recipients can enact different coping strategies and, ultimately, manifest different forms of commitment to change.Design/methodology/approachWe propose a theoretical model that identifies challenge appraisal and hindrance appraisal as two primary appraisals of organizational change that fuel, respectively, proactive and preventive coping strategies and, indirectly, affective and normative forms of commitment to change. Moreover, this framework suggests that coping strategies and commitment are influenced by the secondary appraisal of two vital resources – resilience and POS – allowing individuals to react effectively to primary change-related appraisals. Finally, the relationship between coping strategies and the components of commitment to change is proposed to be moderated by employees' regulatory focus.FindingsUsing appraisal theory and conservation of resources theory as guiding frameworks, our integrated model describes the antecedents, processes and boundary conditions associated with coping with the stress of organizational change and how they ultimately influence commitment to it.Originality/valueThis is the first theoretical paper to identify a conditional dual path to disclose the different reactions that change recipients can manifest in response to the stressful aspects of organizational change.

Dementia Caregiving During the “Stay-at-Home” Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective The objective of this study was to assess family caregivers’ primary appraisal of stressors related to COVID-19 stay-at-home orders, secondary appraisal of resources and support availability, and use of coping strategies as predictors of perceived role overload during the stay-at-home phase of the pandemic. Method Telephone interviews with 53 family caregivers of persons with dementia from rural Virginia 2 weeks after enactment of the governor’s stay-at-home order using structured and open-ended questions were conducted. Results Caregivers who were more concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic were at greater odds of experiencing high role overload than those who recognized positive aspects of the pandemic, as were those who received insufficient support from family and friends. Discussion Use of the transactional model of stress responses yielded important insights about families coping with dementia. Caregivers’ perceptions of the pandemic’s impact varied, with differential effects on their well-being.

Customer Acceptance of Use of Artificial Intelligence in Hospitality Services: An Indian Hospitality Sector Perspective

This research endeavour tested and validated the artificially intelligent device use acceptance (AIDUA) three-stage AI acceptance framework in the context of the Indian hospitality sector. For this purpose, data on the constructs that captured primary appraisal (i.e., social influence, hedonic motivation and anthropomorphism), secondary appraisal (i.e., performance and effort expectancy), emotion, willingness to use AI devices and objection to use AI devices were captured from 210 guests/customers from 14 luxury hotels spread across the union territory of New Delhi and the state of Chandigarh in India. Findings that emerge from this study validate the fact that customers do indeed go through three stages of decision-making process before they demonstrate their proclivity to use AI devices or exhibit objection to use AI devices. In particular, the study found that both performance and effort expectancy influenced customer emotion which, in its turn, exercised its effect on the construct of willingness to use AI devices and objection to use AI devices among hotel customers. Accordingly, drawing from the findings of this study, implications for practitioners, decision-makers, and academic researchers are discussed in the article.

Psychological Stress in Final Year Nursing Students: The role of clinical environment

Past studies have shown that nursing students are stressed. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical environment factors associated with stress among final year nursing students by adapting the Transactional Stress and Coping Model (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). The cross-sectional study design was used, data were collected over two months in 2019. A self-administered questionnaire, used to collect data. 420 final year students recruited using a simple random sampling technique. Based on one-way ANOVA, there was a significant mean difference of primary appraisal score and secondary appraisal score. Resilience level was significantly associated with the level of stress. Keywords: nursing students, stress, resilience. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:

The Effects of the Big Five Personality Traits on Stress among Robot Programming Students

This paper presents relationships between personality traits and stress levels in light of the transactional model of stress. The framework of the transactional model was applied to determine the significance of work with a robot for primary and secondary stress appraisal made by an individual. We decided to use the Big Five personality traits model as one which integrates the dimensions of personality and had been previously applied to research on stress. The participants in our three-wave study were 105 students doing an industrial robots programming course. Using Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and Questionnaire for Primary and Secondary Appraisal (PASA) questionnaires, we gathered information about the students’ personality, the level of anticipated stress, and the stress experienced while working with a robot after 6 and 12 weeks. The obtained results prove that emotional stability is significant for secondary appraisal of anticipated stress. The results also show that openness to experience is a negative predictor, whereas conscientiousness is a positive predictor of primary stress appraisal. The ability to cope with stress after 12 weeks of work with a robot is appraised as higher by older, more conscientious, and introverted people. The obtained results are discussed from the psychological perspective of stress and personality, which complements earlier studies in technical sciences. The limitations of the study are also indicated.

The Unifying Potential of an Appraisal Approach to the Experience of Group Victimization

This chapter offers appraisal theory as a unifying theoretical framework for understanding different ways in which collective victimization can be experienced. Events—such as collective victimization—are appraised and coped with continuously and dynamically, and people can appraise the events in different ways through active efforts at meaning-making that show the individual’s agency in shaping their experience. According to appraisal theory, the primary appraisal determines whether an aspect of collective victimization is deemed important enough to warrant further attention, and which one. Depending on which concerns related to collective victimization are perceived as relevant, in the secondary appraisal process different emotional responses to collective victimization can occur. To cope with this affect, a specific coping strategy is chosen. The choice of coping strategy depends on what is most likely to be effective for one’s concerns and goals, as well as the resources at the individual’s and group’s disposal.

Coping as a Mediation Mechanism Between Severity of Spectator Dysfunctional Behavior and Revisit Intention: The Moderating Effects of Self-Construal in Sport Consumption

The stress and coping theory posits that in the face of negative consumption situations, individuals experience a sequential process: primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and behavioral outcomes. Drawing on the theory, the purpose of the study is to test (a) the mediating effects of coping strategies (i.e., secondary appraisal) between the severity of spectator dysfunctional behavior (SDB; i.e., primary appraisal) and revisit intention and (b) the moderating effects of self-construal (i.e., interdependence vs. independence). Across two studies, using a survey experiment (Study 1) and a repeated-measures survey experiment (Study 2), the findings indicate that coping strategies (i.e., active, expressive, and denial coping) significantly and uniquely mediated the relationship between the severity of SDB (high vs. low) and revisit intention. Furthermore, in responding to highly severe SDB, spectators with interdependent self-construal engaged more in active and expressive coping, and less in denial coping and revisit intention than those with independent self-construal. Overall, the present study highlights (a) the importance of coping strategies for a clearer understanding of the SDB–revisit intention relationship and (b) a boundary condition of self-construal for the influences of SDB on coping strategies and revisit intention.

The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt

What is the nature of feeling hurt? This question is answered by systematically reviewing and integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory of emotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal of an illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability. This appraisal pattern activates an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. This theory leads to several hypotheses for the appraisal (e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt into anger) on facial, bodily, and behavioral expressions as well as on the communicative function of feeling hurt. Furthermore, important conceptual distinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion and a long-term emotional episode of hurt are introduced. Finally, feeling hurt is compared with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.