The solid subtype, according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma, as a predictive marker for PD-L1 expression

Background: PD-L1 expression in tumor cells can predict the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and prognosis in patients. However, the correlation between the PD-L1 expression and the novel lung adenocarcinoma classification are obscure. Methods: 126 lung adenocarcinoma cases were reviewed in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from Jan. to Dec. 2019. PD-L1 (DAKO 22C3) was used to test the PD-L1 expression in lung cancer tissue. Result: TPS was used to interpret the PD-L1 expression. The negative, low positive and high positive of PD-L1 were 72 cases (57.14%), 39 cases (30.95%) and 15 cases (11.90%). PD-L1 TPS in solid structure was significantly higher than that in acinar structure, lepidic structure and papillary structure (P<0.001, respectively). The results of c2 test showed the PD-L1 expression had the significant difference with gender (P = 0.005), age (P = 0.030), smoking history (P = 0.024), lymph node metastasis (P <0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.001), acinar structure (P = 0.003) and solid structure (P < 0.001). Multi-factor linear regression results suggested that solid structure, TNM stage and smoking history were associated with PD-L1 expression (P < 0.05). The solid structure showed more capability to PD-L1 expression (β = 0.428). Conclusion: PD-L1 expression was heterogeneity in lung adenocarcinoma. The solid structure, TNM stage and smoking history were correlation to up-regulation of PD-L1 expression, and solid structure was the most importance factor.

Effects of chalazion and its treatments on the meibomian glands: a nonrandomized, prospective observation clinical study

Background To observe the effects of chalazion and its treatments on meibomian gland function and morphology in the chalazion area.Methods This nonrandomized, prospective observational clinical study included 58 patients (67 eyelids) who were cured of chalazion, including 23 patients (23 eyelids) treated with a conservative method and 35 patients (44 eyelids) treated with surgery. Infrared meibomian gland photography combined with image analysis by ImageJ software was used to measure the chalazion area proportion. Slit-lamp microscopy was employed to evaluate meibomian gland function, and a confocal microscope was used to observe meibomian gland acinar morphology before treatment and 1 month after complete chalazion resolution.Results At 1 month after chalazion resolution, the original chalazion area showed meibomian gland loss according to infrared meibomian gland photography in both groups. In patients who received conservative treatment, the meibomian gland function parameters before treatment were 0.74±0.75, 0.48±0.67, and 1.22±0.60, respectively. One month after chalazion resolution, the parameters were 0.35±0.49, 0.17±0.49, and 0.91±0.60, respectively; there was significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before treatment was 14.90 (11.03, 25.3), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.64 (10.33, 25.77); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). In patients who underwent surgery, the meibomian gland function parameters before surgery were 0.93±0.87, 1.07±0.70, and 1.59±0.76, respectively, and at 1 month after chalazion resolution, they were 0.93±0.82, 0.95±0.75, and 1.52±0.70, respectively; there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before surgery was 14.90 (12.04, 21.6), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.84 (11.31, 21.81); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The acinar structure could not be observed clearly in the meibomian gland loss area in most patients.Conclusions Chalazion causes meibomian gland loss, and the range of meibomian gland loss is not related to the treatment method but to the range of chalazion itself. A hot compress as part of conservative treatment can improve meibomian gland function at the site of chalazion in the short term.

Effects of chalazion and its treatments on the meibomian glands: a nonrandomized, prospective observation clinical study

Background To observe the effects of chalazion and its treatments on meibomian gland function and morphology in the chalazion area. Methods This nonrandomized, prospective observational clinical study included 58 patients (67 eyelids) who were cured of chalazion, including 23 patients (23 eyelids) treated with a conservative method and 35 patients (44 eyelids) treated with surgery. Infrared meibomian gland photography combined with image analysis by ImageJ software was used to measure the chalazion area proportion. Slit-lamp microscopy was employed to evaluate meibomian gland function, and a confocal microscope was used to observe meibomian gland acinar morphology before treatment and 1 month after complete chalazion resolution. Results At 1 month after chalazion resolution, the original chalazion area showed meibomian gland loss according to infrared meibomian gland photography in both groups. In patients who received conservative treatment, the meibomian gland function parameters before treatment were 0.74±0.75, 0.48±0.67, and 1.22±0.60, respectively. One month after chalazion resolution, the parameters were 0.35±0.49, 0.17±0.49, and 0.91±0.60, respectively; there was significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before treatment was 14.90 (11.03, 25.3), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.64 (10.33, 25.77); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). In patients who underwent surgery, the meibomian gland function parameters before surgery were 0.93±0.87, 1.07±0.70, and 1.59±0.76, respectively, and at 1 month after chalazion resolution, they were 0.93±0.82, 0.95±0.75, and 1.52±0.70, respectively; there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before surgery was 14.90 (12.04, 21.6), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.84 (11.31, 21.81); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The acinar structure could not be observed clearly in the meibomian gland loss area in most patients. Conclusions Chalazion causes meibomian gland loss, and the range of meibomian gland loss is not related to the treatment method but to the range of chalazion itself. A hot compress as part of conservative treatment can improve meibomian gland function at the site of chalazion in the short term.

Effects of chalazion and its treatments on the meibomian glands: a nonrandomized, prospective observation clinical study

Background: To observe the effects of chalazion and its treatments on meibomian gland function and morphology in the chalazion area. Methods: This nonrandomized, prospective observational clinical study included 58 patients (67 eyelids) who were cured of chalazion, including 23 patients (23 eyelids) treated with a conservative method and 35 patients (44 eyelids) treated with surgery. Infrared meibomian gland photography combined with image analysis by ImageJ software was used to measure the chalazion area proportion. Slit-lamp microscopy was employed to evaluate meibomian gland function, and a confocal microscope was used to observe meibomian gland acinar morphology before treatment and 1 month after complete chalazion resolution. Results: At 1 month after chalazion resolution, the original chalazion area showed meibomian gland loss according to infrared meibomian gland photography in both groups. In patients who received conservative treatment, the meibomian gland function parameters before treatment were 0.74±0.75, 0.48±0.67, and 1.22±0.60, respectively. One month after chalazion resolution, the parameters were 0.35±0.49, 0.17±0.49, and 0.91±0.60, respectively; there was significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before treatment was 14.90 (11.03, 25.3), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.64 (10.33, 25.77); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). In patients who underwent surgery, the meibomian gland function parameters before surgery were 0.93±0.87, 1.07±0.70, and 1.59±0.76, respectively, and at 1 month after chalazion resolution, they were 0.93±0.82, 0.95±0.75, and 1.52±0.70, respectively; there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before surgery was 14.90 (12.04, 21.6), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.84 (11.31, 21.81); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The acinar structure could not be observed clearly in the meibomian gland loss area in most patients. Conclusions: Chalazion causes meibomian gland loss, and the range of meibomian gland loss is not related to the treatment method but to the range of chalazion itself. A hot compress as part of conservative treatment can improve meibomian gland function at the site of chalazion in the short term.

Effects of chalazion and its treatments on the meibomian glands: a nonrandomized, prospective observation clinical study

Background To observe the effects of chalazion and its treatments on meibomian gland function and morphology in the chalazion area. Methods This nonrandomized, prospective observational clinical study included 58 patients (67 eyelids) who were cured of chalazion, including 23 patients (23 eyelids) treated with a conservative method and 35 patients (44 eyelids) treated with surgery. Infrared meibomian gland photography combined with image analysis by ImageJ software was used to measure the chalazion area proportion. Slit-lamp microscopy was employed to evaluate meibomian gland function, and a confocal microscope was used to observe meibomian gland acinar morphology before treatment and 1 month after complete chalazion resolution. Results At 1 month after chalazion resolution, the original chalazion area showed meibomian gland loss according to infrared meibomian gland photography in both groups. In patients who received conservative treatment, the meibomian gland function parameters before treatment were 0.74±0.75, 0.48±0.67, and 1.22±0.60, respectively. One month after chalazion resolution, the parameters were 0.35±0.49, 0.17±0.49, and 0.91±0.60, respectively; there was significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before treatment was 14.90 (11.03, 25.3), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.64 (10.33, 25.77); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). In patients who underwent surgery, the meibomian gland function parameters before surgery were 0.93±0.87, 1.07±0.70, and 1.59±0.76, respectively, and at 1 month after chalazion resolution, they were 0.93±0.82, 0.95±0.75, and 1.52±0.70, respectively; there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The proportion of the chalazion area before surgery was 14.90 (12.04, 21.6), and the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution was 14.84 (11.31, 21.81); there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The acinar structure could not be observed clearly in the meibomian gland loss area in most patients. Conclusions Chalazion causes meibomian gland loss, and the range of meibomian gland loss is not related to the treatment method but to the range of chalazion itself. A hot compress as part of conservative treatment can improve meibomian gland function at the site of chalazion in the short term.

Effects of chalazion and its treatments on the meibomian glands: non-randomized, prospective observation clinical study

Background To observe the effects of chalazion and its treatments on the meibomian gland function and morphology in chalazion area. Methods This non-randomized, prospective observation clinical study included 58 patients (67 eyelids) cured of chalazion, including 23 patients (23 eyelids) treated with conservative method, and 35 patients (44 eyelids) with surgery. Slit lamp microscopy, infrared meibomian gland photography and in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) were performed before treatment and 1 month after the chalazion complete resolution. The meibomian gland function, the area proportion and acinar structure in the chalazion area were analyzed before and 1 month after the chalazion resolution.Results In patients with conservative treatment, the meibomian gland function parameters improved at 1 month after chalazion resolution compared to those before treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant statistical difference in meibomian gland functional parameters before and after surgery (P>0.05). According to infrared meibomian gland photography, after chalazion resolution, the area presented meibomian gland loss, there was no significant statistical difference between the proportion of meibomian gland loss at 1 month after chalazion resolution and the proportion of the initial chalazion area (P>0.05) regardless of the treatment strategy. The acinar structure could not be observed clearly after the chalazion complete resolution. Conclusions Chalazion will cause meibomian gland loss, and the range of meibomian gland loss is not related to the treatment method, but the range of the chalazion itself. Hot compress in conservative treatment can improve the meibomian gland function that chalazion located in short term.

Revisiting pulmonary acinar particle transport: convection, sedimentation, diffusion, and their interplay

It is largely acknowledged that inhaled particles ranging from 0.001 to 10 μm are able to reach and deposit in the alveolated regions of the lungs. To date, however, the bulk of numerical studies have focused mainly on micrometer-sized particles whose transport kinematics are governed by convection and sedimentation, thereby capturing only a small fraction of the wider range of aerosols leading to acinar deposition. Too little is still known about the local acinar transport dynamics of inhaled (ultra)fine particles affected by diffusion and convection. Our study aims to fill this gap by numerically simulating the transport characteristics of particle sizes spanning three orders of magnitude (0.01-5 μm) covering diffusive, convective, and gravitational aerosol motion across a multigenerational acinar network. By characterizing the deposition patterns as a function of particle size, we find that submicrometer particles [[Formula: see text] (0.1 μm)] reach deep into the acinar structure and are prone to deposit near alveolar openings; meanwhile, other particle sizes are restricted to accessing alveolar cavities in proximal generations. Our findings underline that a precise understanding of acinar aerosol transport, and ultrafine particles in particular, is contingent upon resolving the complex convective-diffusive interplay in determining their irreversible kinematics and local deposition sites.

Contribution of serial and parallel microperfusion to spatial variability in pulmonary inter- and intra-acinar blood flow

This study presents a theoretical model of combined series and parallel perfusion in the human pulmonary acinus that maintains computational simplicity while capturing some important features of acinar structure. The model provides a transition between existing models of perfusion in the large pulmonary blood vessels and the pulmonary microcirculation. Arterioles and venules are represented as distinct elastic vessels that follow the branching structure of the acinar airways. These vessels are assumed to be joined at each generation by capillary sheets that cover the alveoli present at that generation, forming a “ladderlike” structure. Compared with a model structure in which capillary beds connect only the most distal blood vessels in the acinus, the model with combined serial and parallel perfusion provides greater capacity for increased blood flow in the lung via capillary recruitment when the blood pressure is elevated. Stratification of acinar perfusion emerges in the model, with red blood cell transit time significantly larger in the distal portion of the acinus compared with the proximal portion. This proximal-to-distal pattern of perfusion may act in concert with diffusional screening to optimize the potential for gas exchange.