Oxidative damage of canine erythrocytes after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Objective To investigate oxidative erythrocyte damage in dogs treated with different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Material and methods Case-controlled prospective observational study using blood obtained from dogs presenting for lameness examinations or standard surgical procedures to a private referral clinic. Sampling was performed from April 2018 to July 2019. Groups comprised dogs receiving either metamizole (dipyrone) (22 dogs), carprofen (20 dogs) or meloxicam (20 dogs) for a minimum of 10 days. Dogs with gastrointestinal hemorrhage were excluded from the study. A complete hematological, as well as a basic biochemical profile were performed in every dog. Pappenheim stained blood smears were evaluated for eccentrocytes and brilliant cresyl blue stained smears for Heinz bodies. EDTA blood was frozen at –80°C immediately after sampling for measurement of superoxide dismutase and gluthathione peroxidase activity at an external laboratory. Hemoglobin concentration, superoxide dismutase and gluthathione peroxidase activities, reticulocyte count, eccentrocyte and Heinz body numbers were determined prospectively as key parameters for further statistical assessment with Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Results Dogs receiving metamizole showed a significant increase in eccentrocyte (median 14.5/500 cells vs. 0/500 cells in the other groups, p < 0.0001) and reticulocyte number (median 191.4 × 109/l vs. 31.6–37.9 × 109/l, p < 0.0001) and a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration (median 8.4 mmol/l vs. 10.1–10.5 mmol/l, p < 0.0003). No significant difference in superoxide dismutase and gluthathione peroxidase activities was observed between dogs receiving metamizole and the other groups. Heinz bodies were not found in any of the dogs. Conclusion Treatment with metamizole for 10 or more days resulted in decreased hemoglobin concentration, eccentrocytosis and reticulocytosis in dogs in this study. This might be a sign of increased oxidative damage caused by this drug. Clinical significance Prolonged metamizole therapy should be evaluated critically in patients already affected by severe illness or underlying anaemia.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND TOXICITY OF THE WHOLE LEAF OF SOLANUM NIGRUM IN ALBINO RATS

Introduction: Solanum nigrum is a common herb that grows wild and abundantly in open fields. Solanum nigrum has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Most animal studies have been on the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum nigrum leaf, this study focuses on the whole leaf. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant potential and effect of the whole leaf of S. nigrum on liver function parameters in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 5 rats each. Solanum nigrum leaves rinsed,air-dried, milled and administered orally to the rats at two doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight in 1% CMC) for seven days. The control group received 1ml of 1% CMC orally for seven days. On the eight day, animals were sacrificed and cardiac blood collected into plain bottles. Standard methods were used to determine serum nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, gluthathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. One gram portion of the organs (heart, kidney, liver and spleen) were fixed in formal saline for histopathological examination of 2 animals per group. Results: Solanum nigrum had an LD50 greater than 1000mg/kg body weight without symptoms associated with toxicity. Nitric oxide concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the S. nigrum groups (92.0-118.33mM) compared to the control (238.00mM) whereas gluthathione peroxidase was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The effects on these parameters were not dose dependent. There was no significant change in liver function parameters in all the groups. The histopathological screening of the control and test groups showed normal profile indicating no morphological alterations in the heart, liver, kidney and spleen of the rats. Conclusion: This results indicates the antioxidant effect of Solanum nigrum leaf. It also showed that the consumption of S. nigrum leaves at the chosen doses had no adverse effect on the organs of the rats. Further work will need to be done at higher doses, for longer duration and on both sexes of animals.

Possible Mechanism of Aframomum Sceptrum Extracts Mediated Modulation of Renal Function after Monosodium Glutamate Exposure

The objective of the research was to explain the possible mechanism of an earlier reported role of Aframomum sceptrum extract in the modulation of renal function parameters in monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods. Similar experimental methods previously reported by us in Ogbeke et al., (2016) were maintained. Results. Monosodium glutamate administration led to a significant elevation of levels of serum and kidney lipid peroxidation due to decrease in the levels of serum and kidney antioxidant enzyme, super oxide dismutase, catalase, gluthathione peroxidase and gluthathione. There was observed increase in oxidative enzyme, aldehyde oxidase, sulphite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and monoamine oxidase activities in serum and kidney after monosodium glutamate consumption. Aframomum sceptrum treatment significantly regulated all altered indices. Conclusions. The study concluded that the ability of Aframomum sceptrum extract to modulate renal function parameters in monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity is dependent on its efficacy in the induction and mobilization of antioxidant defense armory via the increased synthesis of tissue and serum enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, as well as improved oxidative enzyme activities that mediates the quenching of rising aldehydes and sulfoxides, N-oxides and aromatic oxides within the kidney.

Selenoenzyme-Gluthathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px)

nema