INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND TOXICITY OF THE WHOLE LEAF OF SOLANUM NIGRUM IN ALBINO RATS

Introduction: Solanum nigrum is a common herb that grows wild and abundantly in open fields. Solanum nigrum has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Most animal studies have been on the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum nigrum leaf, this study focuses on the whole leaf. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant potential and effect of the whole leaf of S. nigrum on liver function parameters in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 5 rats each. Solanum nigrum leaves rinsed,air-dried, milled and administered orally to the rats at two doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight in 1% CMC) for seven days. The control group received 1ml of 1% CMC orally for seven days. On the eight day, animals were sacrificed and cardiac blood collected into plain bottles. Standard methods were used to determine serum nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, gluthathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. One gram portion of the organs (heart, kidney, liver and spleen) were fixed in formal saline for histopathological examination of 2 animals per group. Results: Solanum nigrum had an LD50 greater than 1000mg/kg body weight without symptoms associated with toxicity. Nitric oxide concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the S. nigrum groups (92.0-118.33mM) compared to the control (238.00mM) whereas gluthathione peroxidase was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The effects on these parameters were not dose dependent. There was no significant change in liver function parameters in all the groups. The histopathological screening of the control and test groups showed normal profile indicating no morphological alterations in the heart, liver, kidney and spleen of the rats. Conclusion: This results indicates the antioxidant effect of Solanum nigrum leaf. It also showed that the consumption of S. nigrum leaves at the chosen doses had no adverse effect on the organs of the rats. Further work will need to be done at higher doses, for longer duration and on both sexes of animals.

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Biochemical Effect of Antioxidants on Lipids and Liver Function in Experimentally-Induced Liver Damage

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456329703400610 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 656-663 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Abdel-Baset Halim ◽

Omar El-Ahmady ◽

Fathy Abdel-Galil ◽

Amr Darwish ◽

Samar Hassab-Allah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Radicals ◽

Liver Function ◽

Liver Damage ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Liver Function Tests ◽

Organ Damage ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Biochemical Effect ◽

Experimentally Induced

Recent studies demonstrated the role of antioxidants in preventing organ damage caused by free radicals. The present study was conducted to find out the modulatory effect of some antioxidants on lipid patterns in experimentally-induced liver damage. Rats chronically intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (CC14) were used as a model of liver injury terminating with fibrosis or cirrhosis. One hundred and sixty six albino rats were classified into five groups: one served as a control group; the second was subjected to oral administration of CC14 (200 μL/100 g body weight) twice a week; the other three groups, in addition to CC14, received oral doses of silymarin (30mg/kg), vitamin E (200 IU/kg) and vitamin C (50mg/kg) respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed, blood was collected and liver was taken for histopathological examination. Liver function tests, disturbed by CC14 were significantly modulated by antioxidants, and histopathological examination showed that antioxidants ameliorated the necrotic and fibrotic changes caused by CC14. Treatment with antioxidants was also shown to modulate the toxic effect of CC14 on the lipid profile and malondialdehyde content. Administration of antioxidants could play an important role in prophylaxis against lipid peroxidation and consequently liver fibrosis caused by free radicals.

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Inhibition ofα-Glucosidase by Thiosulfinate as a Target for Glucose Modulation in Diabetic Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/7687915 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Hydrolytic Enzyme ◽

Positive Control ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Predisposing Factor

Postprandial hyperglycemia is a predisposing factor for vascular dysfunction and organ damage.α-glucosidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that increases the glucose absorption rate and subsequently elevates blood glucose levels. Garlic (Allium sativumL.) is a rich source of several phytonutrients, including thiosulfinate (THIO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of THIO, a potent inhibitor of intestinalα-glucosidase, to reduce postprandial blood glucose. Male albino rats were randomly assigned to five different groups (n=10/group). Group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2–5 were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Group 2 comprised untreated diabetic rats. Groups 3 and 4 contained diabetic rats that were given THIO orally (20 mg/kg body weight/day and 40 mg/kg body weight/day, resp.). Group 5 was the positive control having diabetic rats treated orally with acarbose (10 mg/kg body weight/day; positive control). Diabetic rats treated with THIO displayed a significant blood glucose reduction (p<0.001and < 0.01 by analysis of variance, resp.) and a significant elevation in insulin compared with that of untreated rats. THIO is an effective noncompetitive intestinalα-glucosidase inhibitor that promotes hypoglycemic action (p<0.001) in STZ-injected rats. THIO is a promising agent for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia.

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The Effect of Venom of Egyptian Spitting Cobra Naja nubiae on Vascular Permeability of Hepatic and Renal Tissues

Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.34172/ajmb.2021.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Asmaa Saad Mahmoud Shokhba ◽

Mohamed A. Abdel-Rahman ◽

Mohammed Alaa El-Deen A. Omran ◽

Nahla Soliman El-Shenawy

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Vascular Permeability ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Colorimetric Determination ◽

Crude Venom ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Renal Vascular

Background: Among venomous elapid snakes, cobras have the highest public awareness, as their venom represents a combination of proteins, peptides, and enzymes that have a range of biochemical and pharmacological roles and are also the main constitutes of biological activity and lethal toxicity. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the venom of Egyptian Spitting Cobra, Naja nubiae, on the vascular permeability based on the extravasation of the azo dye Evans blue (EB) into the tissues of the liver and kidneys of animals envenomed with low (¼ LD50; 0.32 mg/kg) and high (½ LD50; 0.65 mg/ kg) doses at three sampling times (30, 120, 360 min) post-injection of the venom. Methods: Fifty-four adult male Albino rats (8 weeks old and 180±2 0 g body weight) were divided into three main groups (n=6). In the control group, rats were subcutaneously (SC) injected with saline solution. Envenomed groups were SC injected, one group with 0.32 mg/kg and the other group with 0.65 mg/kg body weight of crude venom, respectively. Rats were I.V injected with EB dye 20 minutes before SC injection with saline solution as control animals and with Naja nubiae venom as treatment groups. Results: The results illustrated a high significant rate of EB extravasation to hepatic and renal tissues by the colorimetric determination of EB dye concentration. Conclusion: The venom of Naja nubiae can cause increased hepatic and renal vascular permeability which may explain the inflammatory effect induced by this venom.

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Effect of Clomiphene Citrate and Letrozole on Body Weight of female Albino Rat for Consecutive 1-4 Estrous Cycles

10.53350/pjmhs2115112938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2938-2941

Author(s):

Fauzia Qureshi ◽

Syeda Rizwana Jafri ◽

Hafiza Sadia Ahmad ◽

Uzma Waseem ◽

Ursula Akif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Estrous Cycle ◽

Ovulation Induction ◽

Clomiphene Citrate ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Albino Rat ◽

Estrous Cycles ◽

Experimental Group

Background: Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in women with infertility has been practiced more than 40% years but in infertile patients this treatment plan proved to be ineffective with multiple complication. Body weight plays an important role modulating reproductive development and functioning. Aim: To observe the effects on body weight of female albino rat after use of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for consecutive 1-4 estrous cycles Method: Eighty four adult female Albino rats were equally divided into three groups for this research. Body weight of each rat was measured before and after the experiment. Vaginal smear cytology of each rat was performed to study different phases of estrous cycle. Control group A was given normal saline orally , In Experimental group B rats were given letrozole (Femara) at dose 5mg/kg orally and in Experimental group C rats were given clomiphene citrate at dose 100ug/kg orally. Results: Significant weight gain is observed in rats taking clomiphene citrate as compared to letrozole Conclusion : Comiphene citrate directly affects the body weight which indirectly reduces the ovulation induction and pregnancy rate. Letrozole is good alternate for ovulation induction and for CC resistant patients. Keywords: Estrous cycle, body weight, citrate and letrozole

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Effect of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) on serum creatine kinase-MB and troponin I in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in wistar albino rats

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v13i2.39477 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 47-53

Author(s):

Sharmin Nahar ◽

Qazi Shamima Akhter

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Body Weight ◽

Troponin I ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Heart Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Creatine Kinase Mb ◽

The Mean ◽

Wistar Albino Rats

Background: The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is increasing day by day in Bangladesh due to socioeconomic transition. Spices and herbs are important source of remedy for various diseases in human. Curcuma longa suggested to be used as an indigenous medicine for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Objective: To observe the effect of Curcuma longa in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar albino rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka during 2015. Twenty one Wistar albino male rats, weighing 100 to 150 g (initial body weight); aged 85 to 100 days were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, the rats were divided into BC (Baseline control group), ISP-TC (Isoproterenol treated control group) and CLP-ISPT (Curcuma longa pretreated and isoproterenol treated group). Each group consisted of 7 rats. After experiment, on the 10th day, final body weight was taken, rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from the heart. The heart was removed and weighed. Serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) level was estimated by ELISA method and Troponin I (cTnI) level by AxSYM method. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Results: In this study, the mean percent (%) change of body weight (p<0.01), mean serum CK-MB (p<0.001) and cTnI (p<0.001) levels were significantly higher but mean heart weight was non significantly higher in ISP-TC in comparison to those of BC. Again, the mean percent (%) change of body weight (p<0.01), mean heart weight (p<0.01), mean serum CK-MB (p<0.01) and cTnI (p<0.001) levels were significantly lower in CLP-ISPT than those of ISP-TC group. Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that Curcuma longa may have cardioprotective effect. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2018, December; 13(2): 47-53

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Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic of Karala (Momordica charantia) Fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources ◽

10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11550 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MA Hossain ◽

M Mostofa ◽

D Debnath ◽

AKMR Alam ◽

Z Yasmin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Body Weight ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Momordica Charantia ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Higher Doses

To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (Karala), the aqueous extract of the Karala fruit was tested on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty six albino rats were used in the experiment, 30 diabetic and the remaining six as negative control (T1). Diabetes was induced by administering (injecting) STZ at dose of 55mg/kg body weight. Thirty diabetic animals were randomly divided into five groups such as diabetic control group (T2) without any application of treatment, and groups T3,T4,T5 and T6 were treated with aqueous extract of Karala fruits daily at the doses of 250, 500 and 750mg/kg and glibenclamide (at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight) respectively. The body weight was taken and blood samples were collected from individual animal to determine glucose levels at 15 day interval up to 90 days. In addition, Asparate Transaminenase(AST), Alanine Transaminenase(ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total cholesterol (TCh) and Triglyceride (TGA) were determined at day 15 and at the end of the experiment. All three doses of Karala extracts reduced diabetic induced blood sugar and the reduction is comparable with standard glibenclamide (GLM) dose particularly with higher doses Karala extracts (500 and 750mg). Karala also prevented body weight loss due to induced diabetes as did by GLM treatment.. The treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of Asparate Transaminenase(AST), Alanine Transaminenase(ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total cholesterol (TCh) and Triglyceride (TGA) activities of treated rats when compared to the STZ induced diabetic rats. Higher doses of Karala (500 and 750mg/kg) are as effective as standard GLM dose on measured variables. This study demonstrated that Karala has hyperglycemia and antihyperlipidemic effect against STZ induced diabetic rats. These findings open the possibility of using Karala extract to treat diabetic animal and human patients although further research is warranted. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11550 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1): 29 - 37, 2012

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Differential Expression of CD3, TNF-α, and VEGF Induced by Olanzapine on the Spleen of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Vitamin C

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines7020039 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Sahar Youssef ◽

Marwa Salah

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Adult Male ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

White Pulp ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Group Ii

Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug effective in the treatment of stress-associated psychiatric illnesses, but its effect on the spleen remains unclear. Vitamin C is essential for the optimum function of the immune system. We aim to investigate the effect of Olanzapine on spleen structures and to assess the protective effect of vitamin C. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: group (I), a control; group (II), rats were given vitamin C at 40 mg/kg body weight; group (III), rats were given Olanzapine at 2 mg/kg body weight; and group (IV), rats were given vitamin C and Olanzapine at the same dose of group (II) and group (III) for one month. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) of the olanzapine treated group showed focal areas of cellular depletion and a decrease in the size of the white pulp. The red pulp was expanded and showed marked congestion and dilatation of blood sinusoids. Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) was significantly reduced, however both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly higher. The administration of vitamin C repaired structural and immunohistochemical changes via increased CD3 and decreased TNF-α and VEGF. Therefore, the oxidative and the inflammatory pathways may be the possible mechanisms underlying olanzapine immunotoxicity. Vitamin C exerted immune modulator and antioxidant effects against olanzapine.

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Antioxidant potential of thyme extract: alleviation of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced oxidative stress

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327108088970 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 215-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P Rana ◽

G Soni

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Body Weight ◽

Test Group ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Lower Degree ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Stress Induction ◽

And Control

Protective role of thyme extract against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced oxidative stress has been evaluated in albino rats. For this, one group of rats were fed diet supplemented with thyme extract (0.5%) and served as the test group, whereas animals of the other group fed on normal diet served as the control group. The rats were fed on respective diets for a period of 2 weeks after which stress was induced to half the animals of each group by i.p. administration of NDEA at 200 mg/kg body weight. Animals were killed 48 h post stress-induction period. Feed intake and body weight decreased significantly in both test and control groups, the effect being less in test group. Increase in osmotic fragility and in-vitro lipid peroxidation (LPO) on stress induction was of lower degree in the test group. NDEA toxicity was mainly reflected in liver as evidenced by increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. The effect was of lower degree in test group as compared with that in the control group. Increase in urea levels observed following NDEA administration was also of lower degree in test groups. Blood glutathione (GSH) levels increased more so in test group compared with control group on stress induction. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (Px), and catalase (CAT) activities decreased significantly on stress induction in erythrocytes. LPO increased in all the tissues through varying degree, and the increase was appreciably of lower degree in test group. The activity of SOD increased significantly in both test and control group on stress induction, whereas activities of Px and CAT decreased following NDEA treatment, and the effects were of lower degree in test group. Thus, supplementation of diet with thyme extract can improve antioxygenic potential and hence help to prevent oxidative stress.

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Biochemical and histological changes in liver and kidney in male Wistar albino rats following exposure to Solignum®: a permethrincontaining wood preservative

Journal of Xenobiotics ◽

10.4081/xeno.2014.4596 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu ◽

Iniobong A. Charles

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Chronic Exposure ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Wood Preservative ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Male Rats ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Histological Changes ◽

Wistar Albino Rats

The present investigation was aimed to determine the effect of sub-chronic exposure to Solignum®, a permethrin-containing wood preservative on biochemical and histological changes in liver and kidneys of male Wistar albino rats. Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control and three treatment concentrations containing 8 rats each. The treatment groups were exposed to Solignum® at dose rates of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively per day orally for four weeks. Data obtained from the study showed a progressive increase in the body weight of rats in control whereas, rats treated with different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW) of Solignum® decreased significantly (≤0.05) especially at the end of the second and fourth week when compared with control. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the relative liver weights of rats treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg BW Solignum® while rats treated with 400 mg/kg BW showed a significant increase when compared with control. The relative weight of kidneys in experimental groups increased significantly when compared with control. Biochemical analysis results illustrated that there was a significant increase in marker enzymes namely alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity at the end of the fourth week. Similarly, total bilirubin, serum urea, creatinine and electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) levels increased in a dose dependent manner in treated rats when compared with untreated control group. Serum total protein decreased significantly in experimental rats when compared with control. However, cholesterol and triglycerides showed no significant difference when compared with control. Histopathological examination of hepatocytes in treated rats was characterized by mild periportal inflammatory cells and cytoplasmic degeneration. Furthermore, histopathological examination of rat kidneys revealed inflammatory cells, congested vessel and interstitial hemorrhage in rats treated with Solignum®. Therefore, this present study is aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potentials associated with sub-chronic exposure to the commercial pesticide Solignum®.

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Effect of Isomers of DDD on thyroid and adrenal function in rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y68-010 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 59-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

M. J. Fregly ◽

I. W. Waters ◽

J. A. Straw

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Chronic Treatment ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Hepatic Metabolism ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Specific Effects ◽

Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Dietary administration of o,p′-DDD (2,2-bis(2-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane) at 1.0 and 3.0 g/kg food for 6 weeks increased the thyroid weight of male albino rats by 62 and 81% respectively. The rate of oxygen consumption (measured at 30 °C) and gain in body weight were unaffected by treatment. The rate of loss of 131I from the thyroid gland was significantly faster for both treated groups than for controls. These results suggest that the chronic administration of o,p′-DDD at the doses used resulted in a compensated hypothyroidism in rats. In another experiment, the thyroid weight of female hooded rats given m,p′-DDD (1.0 g/kg food) and p,p′-DDD (1.0 and 3.0 g/kg food) for 24 weeks also increased 112, 94, and 113% respectively above control weight. Ninety-six hours after the administration of thyroxine-131I, significantly greater fecal and less urinary excretion of radioactivity was observed for all treated groups than for the control group. The increase in thyroid weight of the treated rats may be associated with increased hepatic metabolism of thyroxine, but specific effects on the thyroid gland have not been excluded. Although isomers of DDD are reported to induce atrophy of the adrenal cortex and to reduce glucocorticoid secretion in dogs, no effect of the chronic administration of isomers of DDD on adrenal weight or production of either total Δ4-3 ketosteroids or corticosterone in vitro was observed in the case of rats. The rate of metabolism of desoxycorticosterone in vitro by rat liver slices was also unaffected by chronic treatment with o,p′-DDD.

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