Approaching probabilistic laws

In the general problem of verisimilitude, we try to define the distance of a statement from a target, which is an informative truth about some domain of investigation. For example, the target can be a state description, a structure description, or a constituent of a first-order language (Sect. 1). In the problem of legisimilitude, the target is a deterministic or universal law, which can be expressed by a nomic constituent or a quantitative function involving the operators of physical necessity and possibility (Sect. 2). The special case of legisimilitude, where the target is a probabilistic law (Sect. 3), has been discussed by Roger Rosenkrantz (Synthese, 1980) and Ilkka Niiniluoto (Truthlikeness, 1987, Ch. 11.5). Their basic proposal is to measure the distance between two probabilistic laws by the Kullback–Leibler notion of divergence, which is a semimetric on the space of probability measures. This idea can be applied to probabilistic laws of coexistence and laws of succession, and the examples may involve discrete or continuous state spaces (Sect. 3). In this paper, these earlier studies are elaborated in four directions (Sect. 4). First, even though deterministic laws are limiting cases of probabilistic laws, the target-sensitivity of truthlikeness measures implies that the legisimilitude of probabilistic laws is not easily reducible to the deterministic case. Secondly, the Jensen-Shannon divergence is applied to mixed probabilistic laws which entail some universal laws. Thirdly, a new class of distance measures between probability distributions is proposed, so that their horizontal differences are taken into account in addition to vertical ones (Sect. 5). Fourthly, a solution is given for the epistemic problem of estimating degrees of probabilistic legisimilitude on the basis of empirical evidence (Sect. 6).

KARAKTER TUANG DALAM BUDAYA MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG ADAT CIREUNDEU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap makna tuang bagi masyarakat Cireundeu. Tuang tidak sekedar bahasa simbolik, namum mengandung makna budaya, tradisi, adat istiadat bahkan ritual adat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan studi literatur. Dihasilkan dari penelitian ini, tuang dimaknai bukan sekedar hajat jasmaniah semata, tapi hakikat-nya sumber kekuatan spiritual dengan singkong sebagai kebutuhan pokok. Istilah teu dahar asal kuat, bermakna filosofis sebagai sumber kekuatan, kehidupan, dan kemandirian bagi masyarakat Cireundeu. This study aims to reveal the meaning of Tuang for the people of Cireundeu. Tuang is not just a symbolic language, but contains the meaning of culture, tradition, customs and even traditional rituals. This study uses a qualitative approach to the case study method. Collecting data through observation, interviews, documentation and literature studies. As a result of this research, pour is interpreted not merely as a physical necessity, but the essence of the source of spiritual strength with cassava as a basic need. The term "teu dahar asal kuat", philosophical meaning as a source of strength, life, and independence for the people of Cireundeu.

Dysphagia in Frail Patients Is Not Frailty Dysphagia

Society revolves around food, both as a physical necessity and a social nicety; thus, eating and drinking (and, hence, swallowing safely) have become a cornerstone of social life. [...]

Because Without Cause

This chapter investigates non-causal scientific explanations that work by describing how the explanandum involves stronger-than-physical necessity by virtue of certain facts (“constraints”) that possess some variety of necessity stronger than ordinary causal laws possess. In particular, the chapter offers an account of the order of explanatory priority in explanations by constraint. It examines several important examples of explanations by constraint, distinguishing their natural kinds. It gives an account of the sense in which constraints are modally stronger than ordinary causal laws and an account of why certain deductions of constraints exclusively from other constraints possess explanatory power whereas others lack explanatory power.

Enucleated cells reveal differential roles of the nucleus in cell migration, polarity, and mechanotransduction

The nucleus has long been postulated to play a critical physical role during cell polarization and migration, but that role has not been defined or rigorously tested. Here, we enucleated cells to test the physical necessity of the nucleus during cell polarization and directed migration. Using enucleated mammalian cells (cytoplasts), we found that polarity establishment and cell migration in one dimension (1D) and two dimensions (2D) occur without the nucleus. Cytoplasts directionally migrate toward soluble (chemotaxis) and surface-bound (haptotaxis) extracellular cues and migrate collectively in scratch-wound assays. Consistent with previous studies, migration in 3D environments was dependent on the nucleus. In part, this likely reflects the decreased force exerted by cytoplasts on mechanically compliant substrates. This response is mimicked both in cells with nucleocytoskeletal defects and upon inhibition of actomyosin-based contractility. Together, our observations reveal that the nucleus is dispensable for polarization and migration in 1D and 2D but critical for proper cell mechanical responses.