Assessment of Laser Effects on the Structure and Electrical Properties of the Compound Bi2-xAgxSr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Superconducting

This research contains preparing the superconducting compound Bi2-xAgxSr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ and studying its structural and electrical characteristics. The samples were prepared using the solid-state method in two stages, and different concentrations of x were (x= 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) replaced instead of bismuth Bi. Then, using a hydraulic press 9 ton/cm2 and sintering with a temperature of 850°C, the samples were pressed. Next, x-ray diffraction is used to study the structural properties. The study of these samples was presented in different proportions of x values, where x = 0.4 is the best compensation ratio of x. A critical temperature of 1400C and the Tetragonal structure was got. After that, the effect of laser nidinium _ yak (Nd: YAG laser) was used on the compositional. It was found that the temperature value increased, so we got the best critical temperature, which is 142 0C.

Experimental Methods

In this chapter, several of the most important experimental techniques are described. These have been used to probe the most fundamental properties of the superconducting state: the energy gap and the pairing interaction. These methods have played a crucial role in validating the mechanism of superconductivity in conventional superconductors and are key to a fundamental understanding of superconductivity in more recently discovered novel superconductors like cuprates, Fe-based superconductors, and so on. The techniques that are described are all spectroscopic: tunnelling of quasiparticles through an insulating barrier or through a point contact ,Josephson tunnelling, the interaction of photons with a superconducting film or surface, the attenuation of ultrasonic waves,, the relaxation and/or resonance of muons interacting with a superconducting compound, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). High-pressure techniques and the preparation of thin films and junctions are described. In addition, a state-of-the-art experimental procedure that enables the observation of the Little mechanism is discussed.

Synthesis of HgSr2-xYxCa2Cu3O8+ δ Superconducting Compound

The superconductivity phenomenon and the method of preparing the superconductingmercury-based (HgSr2-xYxCa2Cu3O8+δ with x=0 to 0.15) compound were presented in this paper. The physical properties of the compound are presented at a high temperature, with a special focus on the effect of partial substitution of strontium with Yttrium (Y). The effect on structural and electrical properties were investigated. All the samples in the present investigation were subjected to gross structural characterization by X-ray diffraction. The XRD data collected from various have the Hg1223 phase and the analysis showed that all samples correspond to the tetragonal structure. The electrical resistance uses the four probe technology to find the critical temperature and found that it drops from 116 K to 81K by increase the yttrium concentration.

Effect of Lanthanum Substitution on Structure and Modulation in Bi2Sr2-xLaxCaCu2O8+d (0≤x≤0.3) Superconducting Compound

The effect of La substitution on the structure and its modulation in samples with a nominal composition of Bi2Sr2-xLaxCaCu2O8+d where 0≤x≤0.3 superconducting phase was investigated. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) results showed an almost pure Bi-2212 phase, confirmed by the estimated amount of element concentration using dispersive energy X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed a decrease of both crystallite size and connectivity when Lanthanum concentration increases. Le Bail refinement using the Jana2006 program gives a very good value of goodness of fit (GOF) factor. Also, the refinement reveals that for x=0.3 the orthorhombic cell transforms to the tetragonal one and the modulation vector q increases when increasing La concentration.

Superconducting Compound Hg0.8Sb0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ Compared with Hg0.8Sb0.2Ba2Ca1Cu2O6+δ to Evaluate Transition Temperature

The high temperature superconductor’s compounds are one of the hot spot field of science, due to their applications in industries. Hg0.8Sb0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ and Hg0.8Sb0.2Ba2Ca1Cu2O6+δ, were manufactured using a doable-step of solid state reaction method. The samples were sintered at 800 ° C. The transition temperatures Tc are found from electrically resistively by using four probe techniques. The resistivity become zero when the transition temperature Tc(offset) have 131 and 119 K, and the onset temperature Tc(onset) have 139 K for Hg0.8Sb0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ and 132 K for Hg0.8Sb0.2Ba2Ca1Cu2O6+δ. Analysis of X-ray diffraction showed a tetragonal structure with lattice parameters changes for all samples.