Effects of eco-environmental damage compensation system with multi-stakeholder engagements: a DSGE perspective from China

We present and estimate a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for an eco-environmental damage compensation system (EDCS) with multi-stakeholder engagements. Then we explore the dynamic effect under different shocks such as household and government supervision, environmental damage compensation ratio, pollution emission threshold, and pollution control efforts. The household and government supervision show the positive effect of environmental regulation on conserving energy, abating emission, reducing damage compensation, and increasing economic output. The environmental damage compensation ratio can also contribute to energy conservation and emission reduction, but there are no significant regulation effects of pollutant emission and damage compensation. The pollutant emission threshold and the pollution control efforts have significant environmental regulation effects, but the latter does not significantly restrain high energy consumption. All the shocks mentioned above can effectively improve the green development level.

Assessment of Laser Effects on the Structure and Electrical Properties of the Compound Bi2-xAgxSr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Superconducting

This research contains preparing the superconducting compound Bi2-xAgxSr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ and studying its structural and electrical characteristics. The samples were prepared using the solid-state method in two stages, and different concentrations of x were (x= 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) replaced instead of bismuth Bi. Then, using a hydraulic press 9 ton/cm2 and sintering with a temperature of 850°C, the samples were pressed. Next, x-ray diffraction is used to study the structural properties. The study of these samples was presented in different proportions of x values, where x = 0.4 is the best compensation ratio of x. A critical temperature of 1400C and the Tetragonal structure was got. After that, the effect of laser nidinium _ yak (Nd: YAG laser) was used on the compositional. It was found that the temperature value increased, so we got the best critical temperature, which is 142 0C.

Effect of annealing time and pressure on electrical activation and surface morphology of Mg-implanted GaN annealed at 1300 °C in ultra-high-pressure nitrogen ambient

We performed an isothermal annealing study on Mg-implanted GaN at 1300 °C in an ultra-high-pressure (1 GPa) nitrogen ambient. Annealing for more than 30 min resulted in a high acceptor activation ratio and a low compensation ratio that were comparable to those obtained with annealing at 1400 °C for 5 min. We also performed annealing at 1300 °C in a reduced nitrogen pressure of 300 MPa which makes us possible to expand inner diameter of annealing equipment in the future. High electrical activation, similar to one obtained by annealing at 1 GPa, was successfully obtained.

On the Modeling of the Donor/Acceptor Compensation Ratio in Carbon-Doped GaN to Univocally Reproduce Breakdown Voltage and Current Collapse in Lateral GaN Power HEMTs

The intentional doping of lateral GaN power high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with carbon (C) impurities is a common technique to reduce buffer conductivity and increase breakdown voltage. Due to the introduction of trap levels in the GaN bandgap, it is well known that these impurities give rise to dispersion, leading to the so-called “current collapse” as a collateral effect. Moreover, first-principles calculations and experimental evidence point out that C introduces trap levels of both acceptor and donor types. Here, we report on the modeling of the donor/acceptor compensation ratio (CR), that is, the ratio between the density of donors and acceptors associated with C doping, to consistently and univocally reproduce experimental breakdown voltage (VBD) and current-collapse magnitude (ΔICC). By means of calibrated numerical device simulations, we confirm that ΔICC is controlled by the effective trap concentration (i.e., the difference between the acceptor and donor densities), but we show that it is the total trap concentration (i.e., the sum of acceptor and donor densities) that determines VBD, such that a significant CR of at least 50% (depending on the technology) must be assumed to explain both phenomena quantitatively. The results presented in this work contribute to clarifying several previous reports, and are helpful to device engineers interested in modeling C-doped lateral GaN power HEMTs.

A Questionnaire Based on A Sub-Regional Hierarchical Level Showed the Following: Application of Medical Accident Insurance is Suitable in Shanghai, China

Background: The application of medical accident insurance could not only cover parts of patients’ property loss caused by non-medical negligence, but also reduce the risks of medical staff during medical services. However, the compensation mechanism for medical accidents is unsound in china. Methods: In order to figure out the awareness and acceptance of the medical accident insurance in Shanghai medical institutions, medical staff and patients, a questionnaire survey was conducted. The feedback, which in total came from 22 medical institutions, 1,689 medical staff and 1,342 patients, was statistically analyzed by chi-square test.Results：Only 22.72% of the 22 hospitals in this questionnaire survey purchased medical accident insurance. As a result, medical accident insurance only accounts for 3.13% of medical compensation, which was far lower than the negotiated compensation ratio (61.25%) and the medical liability insurance compensation ratio (14.38%). This may be due to the low awareness of medical accident insurance, and our survey also proves this phenomenon. In this survey, we find that only a small proportion (22.73%) of medical institutions purchase medical accident insurance. What is more unexpected is that the vast majorities of patients (50.00%) and medical workers (64.00%) have only heard of it and are not aware of it. Although nearly half of the patients (45.16%) and medical workers (58.26%) are willing to buy medical accident insurance, there were still some patients and medical workers who were uncertain (32.80% and 38.82%, respectively) or unwilling to buy it (8.94% and 16.02%, respectively). The reason is nothing more than that no benefits will occur while the cost is high. Among those willing to buy, the majority of the patients (58.19%) and medical workers (54.39%) only accept the amount of insurance less than RMB 200 yuan. Conclusions: The acceptability and cognition of medical accident insurance in medical workers and patients are still at a low level in Shanghai. In addition, preliminary data from medical institutions purchasing medical accident insurance shows that the insurance can effectively reduce medical disputes and ease economic burden. To sum up, medical accident insurance has good application prospect and space in Shanghai, China.

Competitive Ability and Physiological Aspects of Single and Intercropped Arugula (Eruca sativa Miller)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the competitive ability and physiological aspects of arugula intercropped with different aromatic condiment species. The study was carried out at the Teaching Garden of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. A randomised complete block design was used, with four replications and seven treatments: T1 (single arugula), T2 (arugula intercropped with coriander), T3 (arugula and parsley), T4 (arugula and garlic chives), T5 (single coriander), T6 (parsley) and T7 (garlic chives). A physiological evaluation was made of the arugula only. Competitive ability was obtained by calculating the aggressivity index, simplified aggressivity, competitive ratio and compensation ratio. The leaf area index and specific leaf area were calculated. No difference was seen between the treatments with arugula for the physiological factors net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, rate of transpiration and instant carboxylation efficiency under evaluation within each crop cycle, but there was a difference between the two cycles. The coriander showed the highest aggressivity index and competitive ratio, and was considered more competitive than the arugula, with a higher compensation ratio. As an intercrop, the arugula showed greater competitive ability than the parsley and garlic chives. The greatest leaf area and leaf area index in the arugula plants were seen when intercropped with coriander.

Cognitive Skills Achievement in Mathematics of the Elementary Pre-Service Teachers Using Piaget’s Seven Logical Operations

This study determined the cognitive skills achievement in mathematics of elementary pre-service teachers as a basis for improving problem-solving and critical thinking which was analyzed using Piaget's seven logical operations namely: classification, seriation, logical multiplication, compensation, ratio and proportional thinking, probability thinking, and correlational thinking. This study utilized an adopted Test on Logical Operations (TLO) and descriptive research design to describe the cognitive skills achievement and to determine the affecting factors. Overall, elementary pre-service teachers performed with sufficient understanding in dealing with the TLO. However, in each logical operation, students were found to have insufficient understanding of probability thinking and correlational thinking. These insufficiencies in other logical operations were attributed to their misconceptions on some mathematical terms, misinterpretation of the problems, poor comprehension skills, poor problem-solving skills, and poor performance in mathematics in general.

Thermal ionization energy of hydrogen-like impurities in semiconductor materials

In the work the dependence of the thermal ionization energy of hydrogen-like donors and acceptors on their concentration in n- and p-type semiconductors is analyzed analytically and numerically. The impurity concentrations and temperatures at which the semiconductors are on the insulator side of the concentration insulator – metal phase transition (Mott transition) are considered. It is assumed that impurities in the crystal are distributed randomly (according to Poisson), and their energy levels are distributed normally (according to Gauss). In the quasi-classical approximation, it is shown, for the first time, that the decrease in the ionization energy of impurities mainly occurs due to the joint manifestation of two reasons. Firstly, from the excited states of electrically neutral impurities, a quasicontinuous band of allowed energy values is formed for c-band electrons in an n-type crystal (or for v-band holes in a p-type crystal). This reduces the energy required for the thermally activated transition of electron from the donor to the c-band (for the transition of the hole from the acceptor to the v-band). Secondly, from the ground (unexcited) states of impurities a classical impurity band is formed, the width of which at low temperatures is determined only by the concentration of impurity ions. In moderately compensated semiconductors (when the ratio of the concentration of minority impurities to the concentration of majority impurities is less than 50 %) the Fermi level is located closer to the edge of the band of allowed energy values than the middle of the impurity band, that issue reduces thermal ionization energy of impurities from states in the vicinity of the Fermi level (transition of electron from a donor to the c-band, or hole from an acceptor to the v-band). Previously, these two causes of decrease in the thermal ionization energy due to increase in the concentration of impurities were considered separately. The results of calculations according to the proposed formulas are quantitatively agree with the known experimental data for a number of semiconductor materials (germanium, silicon, diamond, gallium arsenide and phosphide, silicon carbide, zinc selenide) with a moderate compensation ratio.

Deconvolution of local activation energy of hopping conductivity: Application to p-Ge

A new method for analyzing the local reduced activation energy [Formula: see text] of the impurity conductivity is applied to Ga-doped [Formula: see text]-Ge samples with a constant compensation ratio of [Formula: see text] reported by Zabrodskii and Andreev [Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 8, 883 (1994)]. Here, the local reduced activation energy is defined as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote conductivity and absolute temperature, respectively. The method enables us to deconvolute the [Formula: see text] curve into contributions from different conduction mechanisms such as free-hole conduction, nearest-neighbor hopping (NNH) conduction and variable-range hopping (VRH) conduction. As a result, it is shown that both the power exponents of the pre-exponential factors of NNH and VRH conductivity tend to decrease with increasing impurity concentration.

Conflicting perceptions on the life-history covariates of density-dependent recruitment based on information-generating equations

The stock–recruit steepness (h) and compensation ratio are alternative measures of the degree of density-dependent recruitment. They relate similarly to the longevity-related life-history traits (LRLHTs), but studies using information-generating equations and describing such relationships convey three conflicting perceptions. Perception 1 is that h and the compensation ratio decrease as longevity increases and are highest in short-lived, high-productivity species. This perception, usually believed to be inherent in the definition of steepness, is not substantiated by the very definition and, hence, theoretically is wrong. Perception 2 is that h and the compensation ratio increase with longevity and are highest in long-lived, low-productivity species; this perception may occur when the relationships between natural mortality and other LRLHTs are strong, and is most likely correct. Perception 3 is that h and the compensation ratio are independent of LRLHTs; this perception may be caused by the lack of the relationships between natural mortality and other LRLHTs, and is a distortion of perception 2.