Development of a lightning model and implementation into a meteorological model developed in Japan~ Validation through the comparison with the ground base measurement

<p>A lightning model was developed (Sato et al. 2019, 2021) and implemented into a community meteorological model in Japan (SCALE: Nishizawa et al. 2015, Sato et al. 2015). The lightning model coupled with SCALE was validated through the comparison with the ground base lightning measurement (LIghtning DEtection Network system: LIDEN) operated by Japan Meteorological Agency. For the validation, we conducted downscale simulations targeting on two heavy rain events, which occurred on July, 2017 and July, 2018. The heavy rainfall in both events were triggered by Baiu front system on July in Japan and cumulative precipitation exceeded 800 mm/48 hours, but lightning frequency in the 2017 case was much higher than that of the 2018 case.</p><p>Our results indicated that the model successfully reproduced the difference of the lightning frequency between the two heavy rain events. Our analyses elucidated that the difference in the lightning frequency was originated from the difference in the vertical distribution of the charged graupel, and as consequence, the vertical structure of the charge separation rate and the charge density.</p>

Analysis of the impact of a flexible photovoltaic tile shape on its performance

This paper addresses the subject of the building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). The flexible thin-film CIGS module has been subjected to testing in order to investigate its electrical parameters and the possibilities of adaptation to the building structure. During analysis of performance of the tested building in real conditions, particular attention has been paid to changes in its parameters depending on the inclination angle and the shape of its surface in relation to the incident solar radiation. Current-voltage characteristics and power curves in the selected configuration of module deflections have been analysed. Changing the module’s inclination angle from the optimal 40° to 0° (horizontal arrangement of the module on the ground) reduced the value of generated current (by approx. 26%), voltage increase (by approx. 4%) and output power reduction by approx. 25%. The module generated a lower power compared to the basic test due to the irradiation limit reaching its surface (decrease in the irradiance value of less than 60% from 800 to 330 W/m2). Bending the module at an angle 90° to the ground affected the large unevenness of solar radiation values reaching its surface and even greater losses of generated energy. The values of idle voltage, short-circuit current and voltage in MPP did not change much in relation to the base measurement, however, a large drop in the value of current in MPP was noted, which led to a significant reduction of output power. Thus, the need to strive for the most advantageous exposure of BIPV elements in relation to the sun was demonstrated and the losses on energy yields resulting from the integration of photovoltaic tiles into the body of the building have been estimated.

Tax sharing under the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base: Measurement of the profit generating factors in the agriculture sector

The allocation formula for the distribution of the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) should be based on three macroeconomics factors which are considered to have the largest impact on profitability. The paper researches the ability of the allocation formula factors to explain variability in profit/loss generation of single enterprises from the perspective of the Czech Republic with the special focus on the explanation power of the allocation formula on profit/loss generation of companies operating in the agriculture sector (NACE A). The analysis is based on the comparison of the coefficients of determination as an indicator of the explained variability of the proposed simple as well as the multiple regression models. The paper concludes that proportion of explained profitability by the formula factors as are defined by the Draft Directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base can differ by more than 30% with regard to the sector of economic activity classified by the NACE, whereas in the individual subsectors of the agriculture the difference may amount to 40%.