On Exchange Methods for Nonlinear Semi-Infinite Programs

A new exchange method is presented for semi-infinite optimization problems with polyhedron constraints. The basic idea is to use an active set strategy as exchange rule to construct an approximate problem with finitely many constraints at each iteration. Under mild conditions, we prove that the proposed algorithm terminates in a finite number of iterations and guarantees that the solution of the resulting approximate problem at final iteration converges to the solution of the original problem within arbitrarily given tolerance. Numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithm is efficient and promising.

Impact of Foreign Exchange Administration Rule on the Nexus between Country-Specific FDI and Malaysian Currency

In the aftermath of the US Presidential election on 8 November 2016, the Malaysian currency Ringgit (MYR) had witnessed unprecedented volatility in its value relative to the USD. As a policy response, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) implemented a Supplemental Foreign Exchange Administration (SFEA) Rule in December 2016. Exporters are required to convert 75 per cent of foreign currency proceeds from the exports of goods into MYR with a licensed onshore bank. This study evaluates the impact of the new SFEA Rule on the relationship between country-specific FDI and MYR. Based on the data of five major inward FDI countries from 2015 to 2018, our results show: Firstly, Japanese FDI strengthens MYR in post-SFEA Rule; Secondly, FDI from Singapore is found to exert downward pressure on MYR; Thirdly, FDI from China, the Netherlands and the US are insignificant in influencing the MYR; Finally, inward FDI from different countries responds differently to the Rule. Notably, the results obtained are robust to different measures of the exchange rate. On policy suggestion, the Foreign Exchange Rule should also target non-export oriented inward FDIs to achieve the policy target. The result also highlights the importance of export-oriented FDIs for the long-run benefit of the Malaysian economy.

Glottal toggling in Itunyoso Triqui

Itunyoso Triqui (Oto-Manguean: Mexico) possesses several unique morphological derivations, each of which is typified by a toggling of glottal features at the right edge of the root. Root-final coda /ɦ/ is deleted if it is present on uninflected stems, but inserted if it is absent. This process, traditionally known as a morphophonological exchange rule (c.f. Baerman 2007; de Lacy 2012; Wunderlich 2012), is regular and productive in the language. Moreover, it is the primary exponent of the first person singular, the topical third person, and nominal quantifier morphemes, while tonal alternations are secondary, morpheme-specific exponents. The current paper both provides the first comprehensive description of these patterns in Itun-yoso Triqui and argues two theoretical points. First, Triqui glottal toggling involves a morphophono-logical exchange mapping (/α/ → [β]; /β/ → [α]) which, in coordination with syllable well-formedness conditions, produces a toggling pattern. Second, exchange mappings or rules like the Triqui toggle pose unique problems for parallelist approaches to Optimality Theory but not to serialist approaches which permit intermediate stages of representation, a finding that accords well with the necessity for multiple strata in Triqui word formation.

Crystal structure and molecular Hirshfeld surface analysis of acenaphthene derivatives obeying the chlorine–methyl exchange rule

Instances of crystal structures that remain isomorphous in spite of some minor changes in their respective molecules, such as change in a substituent atom/group, can provide insights into the factors that govern crystal packing. In this context, an accurate description of the crystal structures of an isomorphous pair that differ from each other only by a chlorine–methyl substituent, viz. 5′′-(2-chlorobenzylidene)-4′-(2-chlorophenyl)-1′-methyldispiro[acenaphthene-1,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-piperidine]-2,4′′-dione, C34H28Cl2N2O2, (I), and its analogue 1′-methyl-5′′-(2-methylbenzylidene)-4′-(2-methylphenyl)dispiro[acenaphthene-1,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-piperidine]-2,4′′-dione, C36H34N2O2, (II), is presented. While there are two C—H...O weak intermolecular interactions present in both (I) and (II), the change of substituent from chlorine to methyl has given rise to an additional weak C—H...O intermolecular interaction that is relatively stronger than the other two. However, the presence of the stronger C—H...O interaction in (II) has not disrupted the validity of the chloro-methyl exchange rule. Details of the crystal structures and Hirshfeld analyses of the two compounds are presented.

Toward a Statistical Characterization of Computer Daihinmin

The purpose of this article is to clarify the fundamentals of the card game Daihinmin. By collecting logs of Daihinmin games on a large scale and analyzing them, the authors illuminate the game's characteristics. They discuss the content required from the game to this end and examine the types of logs that must be collected. They then report on the collection of various logs and the calculation of certain features to characterize Daihinmin. Furthermore, the authors investigate the relationship between the initial hands and rankings of players, as well as the influence of the exchange rule, through a computer experiment.

A Complexity Approach for Core-Selecting Exchange under Conditionally Lexicographic Preferences

Core-selection is a crucial property of rules in the literature of resource allocation. It is also desirable, from the perspective of mechanism design, to address the incentive of agents to cheat by misreporting their preferences. This paper investigates the exchange problem where (i) each agent is initially endowed with (possibly multiple) indivisible goods, (ii) agents' preferences are assumed to be conditionally lexicographic, and (iii) side payments are prohibited. We propose an exchange rule called augmented top-trading-cycles (ATTC), based on the original TTC procedure. We first show that ATTC is core-selecting and runs in polynomial time with respect to the number of goods. We then show that finding a beneficial misreport under ATTC is NP-hard. We finally clarify relationship of misreporting with splitting and hiding, two different types of manipulations, under ATTC.

Isomorphous diethyl 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dioxo-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine-1,3-dicarboxylate and its 1-(4-methylbenzyl)-4-(4-methylphenyl)-substituted analogue obeying the chloro–methyl exchange rule

Accurate studies on the effect of substituents on the crystal packing are essential for understanding the intermolecular interactions and thus paving the way to crystal structure prediction. The crystal structures of diethyl 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dioxo-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine-1,3-dicarboxylate, C26H29Cl2NO6S, (I), and its isomorphous pair diethyl 1-(4-methylbenzyl)-4-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2-dioxo-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine-1,3-dicarboxylate, C28H35NO6S, (II), are described. The molecular aggregation patterns appear to be strikingly similar despite changes in the substituents, with a Cl atom in (I) being replaced by a methyl group in (II). Inspite of the chemical modifications, the structures of (I) and (I) are isomorphous, isostructural and found to obey the chlorine–methyl exchange rule. Both the structures feature C—H...O hydrogen bonding. However, a distinguishing feature between (I) and (II) is observed in the conformation of the pyrrole rings where the twist occurs on different C—N bonds. Hirshfeld analysis of both structures is presented and discussed.

Subexponentials in non-commutative linear logic

Linear logical frameworks with subexponentials have been used for the specification of, among other systems, proof systems, concurrent programming languages and linear authorisation logics. In these frameworks, subexponentials can be configured to allow or not for the application of the contraction and weakening rules while the exchange rule can always be applied. This means that formulae in such frameworks can only be organised as sets and multisets of formulae not being possible to organise formulae as lists of formulae. This paper investigates the proof theory of linear logic proof systems in the non-commutative variant. These systems can disallow the application of exchange rule on some subexponentials. We investigate conditions for when cut elimination is admissible in the presence of non-commutative subexponentials, investigating the interaction of the exchange rule with the local and non-local contraction rules. We also obtain some new undecidability and decidability results on non-commutative linear logic with subexponentials.

Simulating pedestrian flow by an improved two-process cellular automaton model

In this paper, we study the pedestrian flow with an Improved Two-Process (ITP) cellular automaton model, which is originally proposed by Blue and Adler. Simulations of pedestrian counterflow have been conducted, under both periodic and open boundary conditions. The lane formation phenomenon has been reproduced without using the place exchange rule. We also present and discuss the flow-density and velocity-density relationships of both uni-directional flow and counterflow. By the comparison with the Blue-Adler model, we find the ITP model has higher values of maximum flow, critical density and completely jammed density under different conditions.