Research on Path Planning and Tracking Control of Automatic Parking System

In this paper, we focus on the parking path planning and path tracking control under parallel parking conditions with automatic parking system as the research object. In order to solve the problem of discontinuity of curvature in the path planning of traditional arc-straight combined curve, a quintic polynomial is used to smooth the path. we design a path tracking controller based on the incremental model predictive control (MPC). The preview control based on pure tracking algorithm is used as the comparison algorithm for path tracking. The feasibility of the controller is verified by building a Simulink/CarSim co-simulation platform. In addition, the practicality of the parking controller is further verified by using the ROS intelligent car in the laboratory environment.

A Novel Optimal Robotized Parking System Using Advanced Wireless Sensor Network

This article addresses the importance of parking system which makes the movement of moving vehicles to be unrestricted thus providing integration between hominid classification and sensing systems. If two distinct systems are combined, then all the vehicles can monitor the parking space, and they can directly move towards the destination end within short span of time. In addition for this type of establishment, rapidity of transportation vehicles is calculated with error minimization technique where all technical hitches will be avoided by sustaining the user constraints. Further, to solve the designed user constraints, a nonlinear optimization which is termed as machine learning algorithm is introduced for avoiding high loss during packet transmission technique, and percentage of efficiency is analyzed using simulated results with network simulator (NS2). Moreover, from simulated results, it is substantiated that the projected method on automatic parking of vehicles provides high efficient operation, and even cost of installation is reduced.

Around-View-Monitoring-Based Automatic Parking System Using Parking Line Detection

This paper introduces an automatic parking method using an around view monitoring system. In this method, parking lines are extracted from the camera images, and a route to a targeted parking slot is created. The vehicle then tracks this route to park. The proposed method extracts lines from images using a line filter and a Hough transform, and it uses a convolutional neural network to robustly extract parking lines from the environment. In addition, a parking path consisting of curved and straight sections is created and used to control the vehicle. Perpendicular, angle, and parallel parking paths can be created; however, parking control is applied according to the shape of each parking slot. The results of our experiments confirm that the proposed method has an average offset of 10.3 cm and an average heading angle error of 0.94°.

Parking Space Detection and Path Planning Based on VIDAR

The existing automatic parking algorithms often neglect the unknown obstacles in the parking environment, which causes a hidden danger to the safety of the automatic parking system. Therefore, this paper proposes parking space detection and path planning based on the VIDAR method (vision-IMU-based detection and range method) to solve the problem. In the parking space detection stage, the generalized obstacles are detected based on VIDAR to determine the obstacle areas, and then parking lines are detected by the Hough transform to determine the empty parking space. Compared with the parking detection method based on YOLO v5, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has higher accuracy in complex parking environments with unknown obstacles. In the path planning stage, the path optimization algorithm of the A ∗ algorithm combined with the Bezier curve is used to generate smooth curves, and the environmental information is updated in real time based on VIDAR. The simulation results show that the method can make the vehicle efficiently avoid the obstacles and generate a smooth path in a dynamic parking environment, which can well meet the safety and stationarity of the parking requirements.

Detailed analysis and characterization of Subjective Assessment Indicators of manual and automated parking maneuvers

This paper presents a detailed analysis and characterization of Subjective Assessment Indicators for evaluating manual as well as fully automatic parking maneuvers. Parking is a huge challenge for many drivers. With the introduction of autonomous driving, parking maneuver assistants are essential functional components. For the development of automatic parking assistants, a detailed characterization of a subjective evaluation is essential. The characterization analysis presented here is based on general Subjective Assessment Indicators, which cover the subjective overall performance of a parking maneuver on a customer-oriented level in as many facets as necessary. This paper shows meaningful characteristics of the individual Subjective Assessment Indicators validated in a driving study with 497 performed parking maneuvers. The study results reveal different degrees of intensity of the characterizations for the different driving maneuvers. Here, it is shown that the characterization of the Final Parking Position has different reference points for longitudinal and lateral parking maneuvers. Furthermore, it was shown that an additional characteristic “Driving-Off Behavior” is required for the evaluation of the Safety Feeling, but for Parking Comfort the “Lateral Acceleration” and for Dynamic Performance the “Distance Traveled” can be neglected. The characteristics described in this paper can be used for all parking maneuvers and vehicle types. It forms the basis for a complete evaluation and enables OEMs to apply their individual requirements in the development of parking assistants.

Intelligent and efficient parking solutions

The high demand for mobility around the world means a constant increase in road traffic and a deterioration in parking spaces. The paper focuses on the issue of automatic parking systems in the Czech Republic. It defines automatic parking, functionality and also informs about the possibility of using BIM. It describes in detail the systems located in the city of Ostrava.