Growing of Annual Mixtures for Fodder Purposes Using Promising Varieties of Leguminous Crops

Цель исследований – изучить продуктивность и питательную ценность зерносмесей, сформированных на основе перспективных сортов зернобобовых культур. Исследования проводились в 2017–2019 гг. на опытном поле СЗНИИМЛПХ Вологодской области. Схема опыта включала 10 вариантов, в трёхкратной повторности. Исследования проводились в соответствии с методическими указаниями по проведению полевых опытов ВНИИ кормов. В среднем за годы исследований в первом укосе по урожайности сухой массы смесь горох + кормовые бобы + овёс (вар. 2) превысила контроль (горох с овсом) на 0,3 т/га, или на 6,0%. Остальные смеси были на уровне контроля. Во втором укосе урожайность смешанных посевов (вар. 7–10), включающих райграс однолетний и вику яровую, составила 1,22–1,39 т/га сухого вещества (СВ). По урожайности выделились смеси вариантов с 7-го по 10-й, включающие райграс и вику и обеспечивающие 2 укоса за сезон. Они превысили контроль на 0,85–1,48 т/га, или на 17,3–30,0%. Остальные смеси по урожайности были на уровне контроля. В среднем за сезон смеси обеспечили получение с 1 га: 0,39–0,64 т сырого и 0,20–0,39 т переваримого протеина, 45,3–58,6 ГДж обменной энергии и до 4,3 тыс. кормовых единиц. В среднем за годы исследований наибольшее содержание протеина в первом укосе (11,2 и 11,8% в 1 кг СВ) и повышенная концентрация обменной энергии (9,6 МДж) были получены в растительной массе следующих смесей: горох + вика + овёс (вар. 4) и вика + кормовые бобы + овёс (вар. 5). В состав этих смесей входила вика яровая сорта Ассорти. The goal of the research is to study the productivity and nutritional value of grain mixtures formed on the basis of promising varieties of leguminous crops. The researches were conducted in 2017–2019 on the experimental field of North-West Research Institute of Dairy and Grassland Farming of the Vologda region. The experimental design included 10 variants in three times repetition. The researches were conducted in accordance with the methodological guidelines for conducting field experiments of the All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Feed. On average over the years of research in the first growth in terms of dry matter yield, the mixture of peas + field beans + oats (variant 2) exceeded the control (peas with oats) by 0.3 t/ha or 6.0%. The rest of the mixtures were at the control level. In the aftergrass the yield of mixed sowing (variant 7–10) including annual ryegrass and spring vetch was 1.22–1.39 t/ha of dry matter (DM). According to the yield a mixture of variants from 7th to 10th stood out including ryegrass and vetch and providing 2 hay crops per season. They exceeded the control by 0.85–1.48 t/ha or 17.3–30.0%. The rest of the mixtures in terms of yield were at the control level. On average for the season the mixtures provided per hectare of 0.39–0.64 tons of raw and 0.20–0.39 tons of digestible protein, 45.3–58.6 GJ of metabolic energy and up to 4.3 thousand fodder units. On average over the years of research the highest protein content in the first growth (11.2 and 11.8% in 1 kg DM) and an increased concentration of metabolic energy (9.6 MJ) were obtained in the crop of the following mixtures: peas + vetch + oats (var. 4) and vetch + field beans + oats (var. 5). The composition of these mixtures included spring vetch of the Assorti variety.

THE RESULTS OF 70 YEARS WORK ON PEARS SECTION IN ALL-RUSSIA SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BREEDING AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS

The work in All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of breeding and horticultural crops on pear selection was launched in 1949. The main purpose of selection was to create winter-hardy, productive, resistant to fungal diseases, high-quality varieties of different ripening terms. Considerable attention have been paid to the study of the inheritance the most important economic biological features by hybrid seedlings of pears, the development of methods for accelerating the selection process. To achieve these goals at different selection process stages in crossing process were involved the local semi-cultural forms of pears, Central Russian varieties, varieties of Western European and American origin, hybrid varieties and hybrids of 1-4 generations are obtained from Ussuriyskaya pear and some cases pears of Peschanaya and Bretshneyder breeds, and hybridization between selected and elite seedlings All-Russia Scientific Research Institute was used. For the entire period of selection work with a pear were carried out 2200 crossing combinations, the volume of hybridization was 2.5 million flowers, 330 thousand seeds were obtained and 110 thousand seedlings were grown, 45 thousand of which were planted in breeding gardens. Currently more than 5000 hybrid seedlings are being studied in the institute's selection gardens. In recent years based on a series of crosses of highly-resistant Ussuriyskaya pear descendants with monogenic control of dwarfism pear forms have been derived winter-resistant dwarf genotypes with a height of not more than 1.5 m at the age of seven. Using these in breeding will allow to obtain in the offspring up to 50% of dwarf seedlings. Varieties of different ripening terms were selected: summer - Orlovskaya krasavitsa, Orlovskaya letnyaya, Pamyatnaya; autumn - Eseninskaya, Muratovskaya, Pamyat Parshina, Tyutchevskaya; winter - Lyra. Based on different genetics were obtained donors and sources of economically valuable traits. The description of the most promising varieties and donors of valuable traits of plant breeding is given.