Fracture Kinematics and Holocene Stress Field at the Krafla Rift, Northern Iceland

In the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland, the geometry, kinematics and offset amount of the structures that form the active Krafla Rift were studied. This rift is composed of a central volcano and a swarm of extension fractures, normal faults and eruptive fissures, which were mapped and analysed through remote sensing and field techniques. In three areas, across the northern, central and southern part of the rift, detailed measurements were collected by extensive field surveys along the post-Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) extension fractures and normal faults, to reconstruct their strike, opening direction and dilation amount. The geometry and the distribution of all the studied structures suggest a northward propagation of the rift, and an interaction with the Húsavík–Flatey Fault. Although the opening direction at the extension fractures is mostly normal to the general N–S rift orientation (average value N99.5° E), a systematic occurrence of subordinate transcurrent components of motion is noticed. From the measured throw at each normal fault, the heave was calculated, and it was summed together with the net dilation measured at the extension fractures; this has allowed us to assess the stretch ratio of the rift, obtaining a value of 1.003 in the central sector, and 1.001 and 1.002 in the northern and southern part, respectively.

Adaptation to average duration

There has been a recent surge of research examining how the visual system compresses information by representing the average properties of sets of similar objects to circumvent strict capacity limitations. Efficient representation by perceptual averaging helps to maintain the balance between the needs to perceive salient events in the surrounding environment and sustain the illusion of stable and complete perception. Whereas there have been many demonstrations that the visual system encodes spatial average properties, such as average orientation, average size, and average numerosity along single dimensions, there has been no investigation of whether the fundamental nature of average representations extends to the temporal domain. Here, we used an adaptation paradigm to demonstrate that the average duration of a set of sequentially presented stimuli negatively biases the perceived duration of subsequently presented information. This negative adaptation aftereffect is indicative of a fundamental visual property, providing the first evidence that average duration is encoded along a single visual dimension. Our results not only have important implications for how the visual system efficiently encodes redundant information to evaluate salient events as they unfold within the dynamic context of the surrounding environment, but also contribute to the long-standing debate regarding the neural underpinnings of temporal encoding.

The examination of motivational climate and goal orientation in basketball players-who did and did not experience a sports injury

Aim: In this research it was aimed if there is a difference between mastery-performance climate and task-ego orientation variables of basketball players who did and did not experience a sports injury.Methods: This study group consists of 165 male basketball players who experienced mid-degree and serious sports injuries that are actively playing basketball in 18 years and older basketball teams and 142 male basketball players who did not experience any sports injury, or experienced a minor injury that are actively playing basketball in 18 years and older basketball teams, in total, 307 male basketball players. Participation to the study was done appropriately to the principles of voluntariness and privacy. As data collecting tools, “Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire” and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire’’ were used. For data analysis, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to determine if points show normal distribution or not. Also descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U-test from the nonparametric tests because the distribution was not normal and in order to determine the relation between measure lower dimension Spearman Correlation tests were used. In order to calculate the internal consistency of the scales, Cronbach Alpha test was considered.Findings: According to the research findings, as a result of Mann Whitney U-test no meaningful difference was found between basketball players’s mastery climate average points (U=8902, p>0.05), performance climate average points (U=9121, p>0.05) goal orientation average points (U=9432, p>0.05), ego orientation average points who did and did not experience a sports injury. There is positively meaningful relationship between Goal orientation and Mastery climate (r=0,341), Ego orientation and Performance climate (r=0,618).Conclusions: As a result by handling interactions of different dimensions of sports psychology together, it is thought that it is possible to open new horizons in treating or preventing sports injuries in the future.

Magnetic Response of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Measured by AC Faraday Rotation

ABSTRACTMetal ferrite nanoparticles are of considerable technological and theoretical interest. Magnetic response of these systems is a function of various system properties like saturation magnetization, growth orientation, average particle size and size distribution, volume concentration, etc. [1]. This preliminary study investigates the magnetization dynamics (and thereby the Verdet constant) of aqueous Fe3O4 nanoparticle solutions through precision AC measurements of the Faraday Rotation (FR) at 633 nm for three different Fe3O4 nanoparticle solutions that are all prepared to have the same average particle size (∼10 nm) but differing saturation magnetization values. For each of these nanoparticle solutions precision measurements for FR are carried out over a given range of volume concentrations. The study shows simple linear dependence of FR on volume concentration and a more involved dependence on saturation magnetization. Some preliminary results relating to the frequency dependence of Verdet constants are also presented. Future directions for this work are also discussed. It is hoped that that these results will help in the development of better models to characterize response of these technologically and fundamentally useful systems.

The Effects of Temperature Ramping on MOCVD Al Film Properties

ABSTRACTWe present and discuss experiments designed to demonstrate the effects of ramping substrate temperature during the deposition of TIBA sourced aluminum on Si(100) and TiNx coated silicon (TiN) wafers. We also present results from experiments in which the precursor flow was pulsed (started and stopped) for a short time at a higher temperature followed by temperature ramp down and deposition at a lower (constant) temperature on TiN wafers. Aluminum growth rates and crystal orientation data are presented for different deposition conditions on Si(100) wafers. Aluminum nucleation densities, crystal orientation, average grain size, surface roughness, growth rate and resistivity data are presented for different deposition conditions on TiN wafers. During substrate temperature ramp down from 673 K on TiN wafers, when the precursor flow was pulsed for a short time at higher temperatures, and then resumed at a lower (constant) temperature 573 K, there was a significant increase in both deposition rates and fraction of (111) orientation. The resistivities of these films were close to that of bulk aluminum. Films deposited during substrate temperature ramp down on TiN substrates resulted in higher fractions of (111) oriention and higher resistivities as compared to the films deposited at constant substrate temperature and during the ramp up of substrate temperature. The films deposited on Si(100) wafers during substrate temperature ramp down from 673 K to 573 K had strong Al(200) orientation.