A new species of Pseudasphondylia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Magnolia kobus DC. var. borealis Sarg. (Magnoliaceae) in Japan

A gall midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing leaf bud galls on Magnolia kobus DC. var. borealis Sarg. (Magnoliaceae) was found in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, Japan. Based on its morphology, the species is regarded as an undescribed species of the genus Pseudasphondylia Monzen (Cecidomyiinae, Cecidomyiidi, Asphondyliini). The species is herein described as Pseudasphondylia saohimea Matsuda, Elsayed and Tokuda sp. n. The new species is easily distinguishable from its congeners by the number of adult palpal segments and the shape of the male terminalia and larval spatula.

Антиоксидантні властивості рослинних екстрактів — стабілізаторів біодизелю

З використанням двох різних процедур екстракції одержано вісім етанольних екстрактів із листя рослин Magnolia X soulangeana Soul.-Bod., Magnolia kobus та двох зразків Camellia japonica L. За допомогою високо- ефективної рідинної хроматографії, методу Фоліна—Чокальтеу і DPPH тесту вивчено склад та анти- оксидантні властивості одержаних екстрактів. Показано, що основними складовими екстрактів магнолій є глікозиди кверцетину та похідні оксикоричних кислот, тоді як у екстрактах камелій переважають катехі- ни і похідні оксибензойних кислот. Склад екстрактів залежить не тільки від виду рослини, а й від способу екстрагування; загалом, екстракти, одержані при температурі 60 °C та під дією ультразвуку, мають біль- ший вміст поліфенолів, ніж екстракти, отримані кип’ятінням рослинного матеріалу у 70 %-му етанолі при ~85 °C ; загальна кількість фенольних сполук у екстрактах змінювалась у діапазоні 50—150 мг/л. Виявлено, що, попри значну різницю у вмісті фенолів, всі екстракти мають дуже високу антиоксидантну актив- ність як у тесті Фоліна—Чокальтеу, так і в реакції з DPPH радикалами. Показано, що екстракти мають загальний фенольний індекс 1,5—7,5, а протягом 30 хв реакції сім з восьми екстрактів інгібують понад 50 % радикалів DPPH навіть після розведення у 10 разів. Екстракт камелії з найвищими антиоксидантними властивостями було протестовано як добавку до біодизелю, що має запобігти його окисненню під час збе- рігання. Стабільність біодизелю, одержаного з Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, досліджували за прискореною процедурою при 43 °C протягом чотирьох тижнів, критерієм окиснення біопалива слугувало його кислотне число. Попередні результати показали, що екстракт камелії може бути ефективним антиоксидантним агентом — запобіжником окиснення біодизелю.

PECULIARITIES OF INTRODUCTION OF SMALL-WIDENED DECORATIVE TYPES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LADYZHYN DENDROPARK

The floristic analysis of the low-frequency ornamental species of the arboretum «Ladyzhyn Dendropark» was carried out, according to which the taxonomic composition and the description of the investigated species of the arboretum were determined. Based on the results of the integrated numerical assessment of the viability of trees and shrubs based on visual observations, the prospects for the introduction of woody plants in the study region were evaluated. The species composition of the introduced ornamental plants of the arboretum is systematized, which today is more than 25 species, arranged in accordance with the formed dendroplan. The peculiarities of the introduction of low-abundant ornamental plants were investigated, and the inventories of native and introduced arboreal and shrub vegetation of the areas of the arboretum were conducted. Based on these studies, a dendroplan was developed for a dendrological park of the local importance. The age and quantitative structure of the plantations has been determined, according to which 21 composite areas have been created in the studied area of more than 10 ha. In the course of research it is determined that 9 species of plants are quite promising (Catalpa speciosa Warder., Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K.Koch, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Magnolia kobus DC., Liquidambar styraciflua L., Malus sieboldii, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Ginkgo biloba L. Betula nigra L); promising – 10 species (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino, Stephanandra incisa (Thunb.) Zabel, Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch., Magnolia soulangeana Soul, Rhus typhina L., Catalpa bignonioides, Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl., Malus «Evereste», Malus domestica «Rajka», Diospyros virginiana L.), less promising – 5 species (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., Cercis siliquastrum L., Magnolia George Henry Kern, Coffea liberica (W. Bull ex Hiern), Magnolia acuminata L.) The low adaptive index of the last 5 species is related to the inconsistency of the temperature regime in the study conditions. Inventory of the assortment of 20 shrubs and arboretum plants was made and a design decision was made to increase the species and form content of arboretum of section No. 21. The current state of compositions and flower beds of the arboretum was analyzed and recommendations for their improvement on the principle of selection and placement of species were presented. Keywords: dendropark, introduction, compositions, flower beds, integral evaluation, taxonomic composition, decorative properties, systematic principle, exotics.

Nematicidal activity of aqueous tinctures of medicinal plants against larvae of the nematodes Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus

The study focuses on in vitro effect of aqueous tinctures of 48 species of herbaceous, shrub and tree plants on the first-third stage larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856) and third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898. The highest level of the effect was exerted by 3% aqueous tinctures of Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Laburnum anagyroides Medik., Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Ginkgo biloba L., Colchicum autumnale L., Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., Celastrus scandens L., Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Magnolia kobus DC. Over 90% of the first and second non-invasive stage larvae of S. papillosus died at contact with these tinctures. The lowest parameters of LD50 were seen for L. anagyroides, Juniperus sabina L., C. scandens, M. kobus, A. manshuriensis, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. and Securigera varia (L.) Lassen. Invasive larvae of S. papillosus and H. contortus were resistant to the effect of all the 48 surveyed species of plants. Third-stage larvae of H. contortus remained vital when exposed for 24 h to all the studied concentrations up to 3% aqueous tincture of plants. The results of the experiments and also the analysis of the literature indicate the necessity to continue the survey on nematocidial activity of aqueous tinctures and alcveshol extracts of plants.

Influence of short-term hyperthermia on relict plants Ginkgo L. and Magnolia L.

In connection with global climatic changes, which are accompanied by sharp temperature fluctuations, it is important to study the heat resistance of relict plants in order to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation and survival of organisms in these conditions. Identification of rare and useful plant species more resistant to high temperatures will make it possible to recommend them for use in landscaping, agriculture, medicine, and the like. The work was carried out on magnolias and ginkgo, since these plants are not only important for landscape design all over the world, but are also valued for the content of biologically active substances that are used in medicine and agriculture. Plants of Ginkgo biloba L., Magnolia obovata Thunb., Magnolia kobus DC. and Magnolia denudata Desr. warmed up for three hours at + 40 ° C, the control group was at + 26 ° C. The stress response was analyzed for the level of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, as well as the content of flavonoids and photosynthetic pigments in the studied plants. The photosynthesizing system of all studied species did not undergo any damaging effects due to the action of hyperthermia. Ginkgo biloba plants have shown very high resistance to high temperatures and stability of the antioxidant and pigment systems. Representatives of all the species of magnolia that we have considered can be positioned in the direction of decreasing resistance to sudden increases in temperature: Magnolia kobus → Magnolia obovata → Magnolia denudata. A higher resistance to hyperthermia was found in plants native to Japan. M. denudata was the least resistant species, possibly due to insufficient activity of antioxidant enzymes.