The Isolation and Identification Bacteria on Jallalah Animal (Study on the Feeding Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Chicken Manure As Foods)

In the hadith, Rasulullah SAW prohibit human to consume meat and milk from manure-eating animal (Jallalah animal). In this study, tilapia fishes were fed chicken manure (being Jallalah). Then, it was analyzed based on the microbe in their intestine. The purposes of this study are to isolate and to identify the types of bacteria, and to determine the pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of fish that have been fed chicken manure. Bacteria samples were isolated from the intestine of fish with chicken manure and the commercial fish food as a control. Bacteria identification was done by using morphological characterization, macroscopic and microscopic identification, and biochemical test. The results show that 21 isolated bacteria in the fish intestine that was fed chicken manure and six of the bacteria are pathogenic. Based on this study, it can be concluded that tilapia fish by feeding with chicken manure contains many types of pathogens bacteria. Briefly, tilapia fish is not good for being consumption.Abstrak: Dalam hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Umar, Rasulullah SAW. Melarang memakan daging dan meminum susu hewan pemakan kotoran (hewan Jallalah). Pada penelitian ini, ikan nila diberi pakan kotoran ayam (menjadi Jallalah). Selanjutnya ikan tersebut dianalisis kandungan mikroba yang terkandung didalam saluran pencernaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bentuk bakteri dan mendeterminasi bakteri patogen dan non-patogen yang terdapat didalam saluran pencernaan ikan ynag telah diberi pakan kotoran ayam. Sampel bakteri diisolasi dari saluran pencernaan ikan setelah diberi kotoran ayam dan ikan yang diberi pakan komersil (kontrol). Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan secara makroskopik, mikroskopik, dan uji biokimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ditemukan 21 isolat bakteri dalam usus ikan yang diberi korotan ayam yang tergolong ke dalam genus Listeria, Staphylococcus, Alcaligenes, Cromobacterium, Edwardisiella, Micrococcus, Bacillus, dan Kurthia. Dari 21 jenis tersebut terdapat 6 jenis bakteri pathogen yaitu Edwarsiella sp, Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Alcaligenes sp, Listeria sp dan Chromobacterium. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini bahwa hewan ikan yang memakan kotoran ayam mengandung banyak jenis bakteri patogen sehingga tidak baik untuk di konsumsi.

EARLY STUDY: THE EFFECT OF TAURINE ON GROWTH OF GOURAMI (Osprhonemus goramy) AND TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) JUVENILES

<p>Taurine in diet affected increasing in body weight and length as well as survival rate of juveniles or adults of many marine fishes. It is explained that taurine presumably increased in their ability to tolerate the hypertonicity of seawater as well as to improve their metabolism which leaded to induce maturation. In order to elucidate the effect of taurine physiological universally in the fishes, early study was conducted on freshwater fishes namely gourami (Osprhonemus goramy) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The growth was determined by their body weight and morphological changes included the length and width of their body. The reproductive status was determined by measuring fish gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) (only for tilapias). Eight experimental groups were chosen consisted of two groups with commercial fish food with and without taurine and two groups with natural fish food (consisted of 50% Xanthosoma sagittifolium) with and without taurine. Amount of taurine given was 0.4 mg/fish/day. Complete randomized design with factorial 2x2 was applied to this study with 40 gourami juveniles (@ 7 grams in weight) and 40 tilapias (@ 50 grams in weight) were used for the experimental units. The study was conducted in 2 months. Analysis variances and LSD and/or t-test at 5% were used to determine the differences among experimental groups. The results indicated that taurine groups increased their body weight for 25-66% compared to the control (no taurine) as well as their body length and width (p&lt; 0.05). Yet, the GSI of tilapias was not shown any significantly different. In this early study we indicated that taurine affected the growth in juvenile gourami and tilapia. However, further experiments related with physiological changes and reproductive status was still needed to complete the study. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Taurine, gourami, tilapia, growth rate</p>

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Fasciola hepatica: cercarial productivity of redial generations in long-surviving Galba truncatula

Bimiracidial infections of Galba truncatula with Fasciola hepatica were carried out to determine the effect of food quality on the frequency of 1- and 2-sporocyst infections, to analyse its impact on the developmental patterns (normal, or abnormal) of redial generations, and to verify its consequences on cercarial production. These investigations were performed in snails reared at 20°C and provided with cos lettuce and commercial fish food (Tetraphyll®) as a food source until their death. Double-sporocyst infections with normal development of redial generations were recorded in 43.9% of infected snails (out of 296). Single-sporocyst infections were noted in the other snails, with normal development of generations in 53.7% and abnormal development (the first mother redia early degenerated) in 2.4%. Four successive redial generations were found in long-surviving snails (more than 90 days). In both 1- and 2-sporocyst infections, showing normal development of generations, the daughter rediae, which exited from the first mother redia (R2a rediae), constituted the greater group of free rediae and produced the highest percentages of cercariae (46.2–48.2%). However, the development of these rediae inside the snail body was slower in 2-sporocyst infections than in 1-sporocyst infections. The numbers of rediae noted in subsequent generations (R2b/R3a and R3b/R4a rediae) were similar, whatever the number of full-grown sporocysts. The number of shed cercariae recorded in the 1- and 2-sporocyst infections did not significantly differ. When long-surviving snails died, 19.8–20.7% of cercariae produced by free rediae (essentially by R2b/R3a and R3b/R4a rediae) were still present in their bodies. The increased frequency of 2-sporocyst infections demonstrated that food quality had a significant effect on the redial burden of F. hepatica developing inside G. truncatula.

Cyprinella lutrensis gill lesions after exposure to terbufos

Terbufos (O, O-diethyl, S-(((1, 1-dimethylethyl)thio)methyl) phosphorodithioate), purity 98% acts as anticholinestrase. Commercial formulations are applied to soil as an insecticide-nematicide throughout the United States to control com root-worm larvae and other pests, preventing an economical loss to producers Terbufos is highly toxic to fish species (e.g., fathead minnows 96 hr's LC50 is 150 μg L−1) and toxicity increases as temperature increase. There have been no reports on its effects on fish gills.Red shiners (Cyprinella lutrensis) were collected from the Platte River, Nebraska using a seine and maintained in 30-L glass aquaria (10 fish /tank) for a 14-d acclimation period at 22°C on a 12:12 photoperiod and fed a commercial fish food once daily except for 24-h before and at the beginning of bioassays. During the 14-d bioassay, fish were exposed to terbufos concentrations of 0, 1, 10, and 100μg L−1. At the conclusion of the bioassay, fish were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde with 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Gills were removed, washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and post-fixed in 1% OsO4 for 2-h, gills were rinsed in water and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. After critical point drying using liquid CO2, gill tissues were mounted on stubs, coated with gold-palladium and examined using a Cambridge S-90 stereoscan at 15 kV

A SEM study of atrazine effects on red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis)

Atrazine is widely used in agriculture to control weeds. However, little is known about the effects of long-term exposure in fish. Normal fish gill morphology and ultrastructure have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pollutants including pesticides can cause lesions in gills, which ultimately affect osmoregulation and oxygen consumption.Specimens of red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) were collected from the Platte River, Nebraska, by seining and treated with sodium chloride and malachite green to reduce infections. Fish were randomly distributed to aerated glass aquaria. Biological sponge filters were used to keep aquaria clean during the 14 day bioassay. Fish were maintained at a 22°C on a 12:12 photoperiod, and fed a commercial fish food once daily. Atrazine concentrations of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 μg L-1 were used. For scanning electron microscopy, fish were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Then, gills were removed and post-fixed in 1% OsO4.

SEM of Hepatocytes and Biliary Passages in Goldfish Liver

An interesting feature of the goldfish liver is the morphology of the hepatic plate, which is always formed by a two-cell layer of hepatocytes. Hepatic plates of the goldfish liver contain an infrequently seen second type of cell, in the centers of plates between two hepatocytes. A TEH study by Yamamoto (1) demonstrated ultrastructural differences between hepatocytes and centrally located cells in hepatic plates; the latter were classified as ductule cells of the biliary system. None of the previous studies clearly showed a three-dimensional organization of the two cell types described. In the present investigation we utilize SEM to elucidate the arrangement of hepatocytes and bile ductular cells in intralobular plates of goldfish liver.Livers from young goldfish (Carassius auratus), about 6-10 cm, fed commercial fish food were used for this study. Hepatic samples were fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde, cut into pieces, fractured, osmicated, CPD, mounted Au-Pd coated, and viewed by SEM at 17-20 kV. Our observations were confined to the ultrastructure of biliary passages within intralobular plates, ductule cells, and hepatocytes.