Studies on the Prevalence and Etiology of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Women Attending Primary Health Centers in Sokoto Metropolis

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tube, and ovaries as it progresses to scar leading to infertility and other reproductive problems. This research work was conducted to determine the etiology, antibiogram and prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease among women attending Public Health Centres in Sokoto metropolis. The main objective of the study is to isolate the pathogens and determine the antibiotics sensitivity pattern and prevalence age of the Disease among the patients diagnosed with PID. 155 PID patients that were sorted by age and month were diagnosed within the year 2020. Laboratory assay on the etiology and antibiogram were carried out. From the total (155) patients diagnosed with PID in this study, thirty-three (33) were within the age of 15-20, forty-one (41) were between the ages of 21-25 and fifty-five (55) were between the age ranges of 26-30. The least (26) were between ages of 36 and 40. The highest prevalence age (35.5%) in this study were observed to fall between the ages of 26-30 then followed by forty-one patients (26.5%) prevalence that were between the ages of 21-25. The least in occurrence were 26 patients (8.4%) that were between the age range of 36 and 40. Similarly, the results obtained from this study revealed that there were 77 (49.67%) recorded in the first quarter of the year 2020. This was then followed by 48 (30.97%) patients in the last quarter. The least occurrence of PID patients 30 (19.35%) were diagnosed in the second quarter of the same year. The pathogens consistently identified to be associated with the disease were Neisseria gonorrhea and ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive on antibiogram. The factors responsible were poor personal hygiene, environmental pollution and unsanitary conditions of the toilets. It is recommended that patients should regularly visit health facilities for routine diagnosis of PID and ciprofloxacin and Broad spectrum antibiotics were the most efficacious for use in this study in the treatment of Pelvic inflammatory Disease.

Prevalence of STIs, sexual practices and substance use among 2083 sexually active unmarried women in Lebanon

Access to sexual and reproductive health in conservative communities and in the MENA region are particularly limited and, as such, increase women’s vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The aim was to assess the prevalence of STIs, sexual practices, recreational drug-use and their possible associations among cisgender unmarried women residing in Lebanon. Data on demographics, sexual practices and substance-use were collected from 2083 unmarried cisgender women who voluntarily attended a sexual health clinic in Lebanon between 2015 and 2019. They tested for HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Syphilis through rapid testing. Other infections (genital warts, Neisseria gonorrhea/Chlamydia trachomatis) were screened for. Regression models were computed between variables. There were two cases of HIV, one of Hepatitis B and syphilis, and no cases of Hepatitis C. Genital warts were present in 15% and symptoms indicative of Neisseria gonorrhea/Chlamydia trachomatis in 14%. Inconsistent condom-use (81%) was significantly associated with number of partners (adj. OR: 0.4). Inconsistent condom-use discussion with partners (33%) was significantly associated with unemployment (adj OR: 1.7), recreational drug-use (adj. OR: 1.4), and number of partners (adj. ORs 3.7–4.4). Unwanted pregnancies (11%) were significantly associated with age (adj. ORs 0.1–0.37), recreational drug-use (adj. OR: 2), using intrauterine device (adj. OR:2.9) and natural birth control methods (adj. OR: 2.4). Recreational drug-use (33%) was significantly associated with age (adj ORs 1.9–2.2), and smoking status (adj. OR: 0.6). The results indicate an urgent need for: (1) Accessible, non-stigmatizing, and inclusive sexual health services dedicated to women’s sexual health; (2) Comprehensive and non-stigmatizing sexual health education for all, but especially women, in order to promote safer sexual practices and effective decision making with regards to contraception and condom-use.

Immunoinformatics Prediction of an Epitope Based Peptide Vaccine for Neisseria Gonorrhea Dihydrolipoamide Acetyltransferase Protein

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Gonorrhea is associated with serious morbidity and mortality rates in the world considering the multiple virulence factors possessed. The disease is manifested as salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and bacteremia and is controlled by macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, epithelial cells and cytokines. Dihydroliponamide acetyltransferase, a component of the mitochondrial pyruvate complex can be used as immunogenic target. Recent changes in the strain allowed the bacteria to acquire resistance against antibiotics.Vaccination remains an alternative to prevention against the disease. This study predicts an effective epitope-based vaccine against dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase of Neisseria Gonorrhea using immunoinformatics approaches. Sequences retrieved from NCBI were passed on several prediction tests to analyze for possible B-cell, T-cell MHC class I epitopes and class II. Two epitopes showed high binding affinity for B-cells, while thirteen epitopes showed high binding affinity for MHCI and forty-five for MHCII. A population coverage of 100% for combined MHC I and II dictates the huge number of individuals who will benefit from formulating the vaccine. We recommend invivo and invitro studies to prove our prediction results.

Rutin Inhibits F, G, N and O gonorrhea strains, 2008 WHO N-gonorrhea Reference strains, in vitro

Rutin was isolated from methanol extract of the aerial part of Asparagus suaveolens using precipitation method. South Africans use Asparagus suaveolens to treat gonorrhea infections. The obtained Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) data and visiting the published data on the isolation of rutin confirmed the structure. The 2008 WHO Neisseria gonorrhea reference strains were used to evaluate microbial activity of rutin against the gonorrhea strains. Rutin found to be bacteriostatic against WHO 2008 Neisseria gonorrhoea F, G, N and O strains with the minimum inhibition concentration of 0.40, 0.65, 0.22 and 0.65 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, rutin fare better than the reference drugs and bactericidal against K, L, M, and P strains. These results support the traditional use of Asparagus suaveolens against gonorrhea infections by South African indigenous people. To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating the activity of rutin against N.gonorrhea strains. Résumé: La rutine a été isolée à partir d'un extrait au méthanol de la partie aérienne d'Asparagus suaveolens en utilisant la méthode de précipitation. Les SudAfricains utilisent Asparagus suaveolens pour traiter les infections gonorrhées. Les données obtenues par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et par chromatographie liquide-spectroscopie de masse (LCMS) et la consultation des données publiées sur l'isolement de la rutine ont confirmé la structure. Les souches de référence OMS de Neisseria gonorrhea de 2008 ont été utilisées pour évaluer l'activité microbienne de la rutine contre les souches de gonorrhée. La rutine s'est révélée bactériostatique contre les souches de Neisseria gonorrhea F, G, N et O de l'OMS 2008 avec une concentration minimale d'inhibition de 0,40, 0,65, 0,22 et 0,65 mg/ml, respectivement. De plus, la rutine se porte mieux que les médicaments de référence et bactéricide contre les souches K, L, M et P. Ces résultats soutiennent l'utilisation traditionnelle d'Asparagus suaveolens contre les infections gonorrhées par les populations autochtones sud-africaines. À notre connaissance, il s'agit de la première étude indiquant l'activité de la rutine contre les souches de N. gonorrhée.

Evaluation of Self-Collection as a Method of Extragenital STI Screening

Introduction The goal of this study is to improve overall screening, detection, and treatment of Neisseria gonorrhea (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) at our institution. Materials and Methods An observational study with two phases was conducted at a U.S. Army Medical Center. Previously collected samples from January 2014 through December 2015 were compared to prospectively collected data from March 2016 through December 2017. All data were collected from a convenience sample of active duty, HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Concordance between provider-collected and self-collected extragenital screening (EGS) samples was evaluated. Results The rate of detection using EGS was higher than previously found using urogenital screening alone. Our prospective analysis revealed that expanding screening to include extragenital sites increased rates of detection of GC and CT. Our rates of GC detection at the pharynx and rectum, and CT detection at the rectum, were higher than those reported in the literature for men who have sex with men. Rates of CT infection at the pharynx were comparable with those reported in the literature. Detection of GC at the pharynx was exactly concordant between self-collected and provider-collected samples. Concordance of GC and CT detection at the rectum was very good. The kappa coefficient for detection of CT at the pharynx was zero, which corresponded to 44 out of 45 concordant observations. Conclusions Prior to implementation of EGS at our institution, we missed the opportunity to detect a substantial number of GC/CT infections with urogenital screening alone. Our results suggest that self-collection is a reliable method of EGS as compared to provider collection of samples.